'492 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



for he mentions among the localities of the Utica shale such typi- 

 cal collecting grounds of the Normans kill fauna as the banks 

 of the Normans kill itself, the Kinderhook creek and the city of 

 Hudson. Misled by the supposed identity of the two graptolite 

 faunas which later were separated by Hall, he considered the 

 Normans kill shales as homotaxial with the Utica shale. This 

 wrong conception has apparently mislead still later writers. 



. Lardner Vanuxem 



Lardner Vanuxem (5), like all the members of the survey, ac- 

 cepted Mather's term and called all the beds between the Utica 

 shale and the gray sandstone of Oswego, the Hudson river group, 

 but pointed out, that there are two divisions which are not coex- 

 tensive, embraced by this term, namely, a lower one (the Frank- 

 fort slates) which passes from the Hudson valley through the 

 Mohawk valley and extends north by Rome through Lewis county 

 into Jefferson county; and an upper division (the Pulaski shale), 

 which first appears in Oneida county and extends from thence 

 north and west. Fossils are rare in the Frankfort slate, but are 

 numerous where it joins the next series, the Pulaski beds. They 

 have been reported from near Rome, Westmoreland and Utica, 

 and also from Oohoes near Waterford, though the species are not 

 enumerated. 



It is obvious that Vanuxem correlates only the lower or Frank- 

 fort elates with the beds of the Hudson valley. 



Ebenezer Emmons 



In the same year Dr Emmons (3) described shales of the Hudson 

 yalley as the Hudson river series or group and stated their exten- 

 sion northward through New York and Vermont to Quebec and 

 through Pennsylvania into the southern states. He proposed the 

 name ^^Lorraine shales " in place of the names " Pulaski shale " 

 and " Hudson river shale," used before, on the ground that at 

 Lorraine alone a complete section with the top and bottom of 

 the group exposed, could be found (3:119). This term has 

 since been struggling for ascendancy with the term, Hudson river 

 beds. 



