L 



ecaniiiuB. 1 6 1 



marginal hairs {Paralecanhmi), there are definite series of angular 

 (usuall)' pentagonal or hexagonal) depressed spaces, in which may 

 be seen several superimposed concentric transparent laminae of 

 waxy matter. 



Both oviparous and ovoviviparous species occur within the 

 genus. The former condition is found more particularly amongst 

 those species in which the dorsum becomes densely chitinous, thus 

 forming a shelter for the ova. The eggs are ovoid, and thinly 

 dusted with a waxy powder. 



In the ovoviviparous species a normal egg is formed, but 

 remains in the body ^of the parent until the embryo is fully 

 developed and ready to emerge. Then, during the passage 

 through the oviduct, or, more usually, during the process of ex- 

 trusion, the ^g% membrane is ruptured and the young larva 

 appears. The empty egg-shell is extruded at the same time. 

 Very occasionally, in normally ovoviviparous species, eggs may 

 be prematurely deposited and remain for a short period beneath 

 the body of the parent before the emergence of the larva. 



The young larva is oval, flat, with well- developed limbs. The 

 antennae are six-jointed, the third and sixth joints longest. The 

 plates of the anal valve are somewhat divergent, and each supports 

 a long stout seta (//. LXXII._^^. 2). 



The second or nymphal stage differs from the larva, chiefly in 

 size. The body is usually broader in proportion to its length. 

 The antennae are still six-jointed. The setae of the anal plates 

 are reduced to small hairs. 



Until after the first moult the two sexes are indistinguishable! 

 But towards the end of the second stage the male larva commences 

 to secrete the glassy test which finally covers and protects the 

 pupa. This test (//. \SVii\. fig. 10), as in most Lecaniid genera, is 

 divided into well-defined plates, which range in number from 

 nine to nineteen, the junctions of the several plates being marked 

 by raised lines. The number nineteen is exceptional, and occurs 

 in only one species {zonatum) in Ceylon. In one other species 

 (inarsupiale) only twelve plates can be distinguished. All our other 

 species have either nine or eighteen plates. In the former case, 

 two are medial and seven circumferential ; while in the latter, three 

 are medial and fifteen circumferential. In zonatum, the extra plate 

 occurs by a subdivision of one of the medial plates. There is, in 

 addition, a small operculum covering the anal aperture. 



Before the second ecdysis the test becomes completely separated 



