r 74 LecaniincB. 



but these characters are very relative, and occur in all degrees of 

 modification. It is often difficult to decide whether the test of a 

 particular genus should be classed as waxy, or nacreous, or even 

 glassy, especially when individual species vary considerably in 

 their characters. Even the presence or absence of a test is rela- 

 tive. For instance, the genus Pulvinaria is usually classed as 

 naked ; but the body of the female is sometimes more or less 

 completely concealed beneath a loose woolly covering. Then 

 Eriochiton may have a complete test in the adult female, or it 

 may be incomplete or entirely wanting. The following attempt 

 at a synopsis will therefore be only a rough guide. More careful 

 details of the generic characters will be found under the headings 

 of the several genera. Some of the more obscure genera (of those 

 not occurring in the Indian region) have been omitted from the 

 synopsis, but are mentioned in a supplementary paragraph. Those 

 genera included in brackets have not yet been recorded from Ceylon. 



SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 



A. Adult ? naked ; without definite sac or test. 

 id) ? without ovisac. 



(rt^) $ puparium glassy, flat ; divided into distinct plates. 



(a^) superterranean Lecanium, Burm. 



iU^) subterranean (Lecanopsis, Targ.) 



(5^) $ puparium subcylindrical ; felted ; with glassy oper- 

 culum (Cryptes, Crawf ) 



{U) ? with concealed or rudimentary ovisac ; apparent ex- 

 ternally as a mere fringe of white secretion. 



Protopulvinaria, Ckll. 

 {c) $ with distinct ovisac. 

 (aS) $ puparia isolated. 



(ffl^) ovisac horizontal PULVINARIA, Targ. 



(U^) ovisac conical (Cockerell)...(PuLVlNELLA, Hempel.) 

 (3^) $ puparia coalescing ; enclosed in a mass of wax. 



(Ericerus, Guer.) 



B. Adult ? with partial cottony or felted sac. 



(«) sac elongated ; with anterior aperture revealing part of insect. 



{dS) 9 elongate, narrow (SiGNORETIA, Targ.) 



{b^) 9 oval (LiCHTENSiA, Sign.) 



{b) sac consisting of waxy filaments springing from the margin 

 and recurved over the sides of the insect. 



Ceronema, Mask, 



