172 Lecanuntz. 



from that of the previous stage, though in some genera, e.g., 

 Lecaniiim, the change is not at first very marked. In Eriopeltis and 

 Lecanochiton, and in individual species of some other genera, the 

 final stage is indicated by an apodous condition. Usually, but not 

 invariably, there is an increase of the number of antennal joints. 

 The limbs, when present, are firmer, and there is often a marked 

 thickening and hardening of the chitinous derm. The formation 

 of a definite sac (separable from the insect) is usually characteristic 

 of the adult stage only. In Eriocliiton, however, the sac is said to 

 appear in the second stage. The four spiracles open on the ventral 

 surface, usually at some distance from the margin. The posterior 

 extremity is normally deeply cleft, though, in some cases, the 

 margins of the cleft become confluent. The anal orifice opens at 

 the base of this cleft, and is guarded above by a valvular operculum 

 composed of two hinged plates. At the extremity of the rectum 

 is an eversible sac, containing the so-called anal ring, which bears 

 six or more stout hairs. This sac is usually retracted ; but, during 

 the evacuation of the excreta, which are of a liquid saccharine 

 nature, it is everted and exserted between the chitinous plates of 

 the operculum, when the hairs of the anal ring form a support 

 for the globule of excrement. The globule finally bursts, and the 

 excreta are projected in the form of a fine spray. The anal ring 

 sometimes secrets a fine waxy tube, which enables the excreta to 

 be carried still further away from the body of the insect. The 

 genital orifice opens on to the under surface, at the base of the 

 anal cleft. Its aperture is very inconspicuous. 



The male insect does not become in any way differentiated 

 until after the first ecdysis. Even in the second stage it is often 

 extremely difficult to distinguish the sexes until the formation of 

 the puparium. In the greater number of genera the male puparium 

 consists of a glassy test, symmetrically divided by raised lines into 

 well-defined plates. In the genus Erice7'its, however, the puparia 

 are said to be enveloped in a mass of wax. In Cryptes the 

 puparium is subcylindrical and felted. In Inglisia the plates are 

 often highly sculptured. In several genera the male has not been 

 recognised in any stage. 



After the formation ol the puparium, a second ecdysis takes 

 place, revealing the pupa in which the limbs of the future imago 

 are now plainly indicated. 



The adult male differs from that of the Diaspidince chiefly in 

 the more marked separation of the head from the thorax by a 



