Publ. 25. IV..10. LITHOPHANE. By W. Warren. 125 



markings; the lines indistinct. Larva feeding exposed on trees in summer, the imago emerging in autumn; 

 the $$ hybemating. Type Lithophane socia Roil. 



L. semibrunnea Haw. (= oculata Germ.) (80 g). Forewing dull wood-brown, the inner-marginal half KL ea 

 suffused with black brown, blackest on inner margin and in outer half of submedian interspace; veins marked 

 with black scales; lines indistinct; the outer marked by pairs of black dots on veins and a white crescent 

 on submedian fold; the submarginal line by a slighter one; hindwing greyish brown, paler in £, with the ter- 

 minal area darker. — Occurs in Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria and Italy. — Larva 

 green; dorsal and subdorsal lines white; spiracular line broad, yellowish white, much varied with white dots 

 and streaks below; head greenish; feeding on Ash and other trees. 



L. socia Boit. (= petrificata F., petrificosa Hbn., petrolignea Hbn.) (30 g). Forewing broader than socia. 

 in semibrunnea Haw., with a blackish streak from base below cell; the inner marginal area not so completely 

 darker; the stigmata plainer, pale ochreous, conversely oblique, the reniform reaching below median and edged 

 below with a thick black line; a more or less plain dark median shade; black wedge-shaped marks before 

 submarginal line; ab. umbrosa Esp. (30 g), of which pallida Tuit seems to be only an extremely pale, less- umbrosa. 

 marked, form, is more uniform ochreous brown, without dark suffusion; rufescens Tutt is a much rarer form, rufescens. 

 from the West of England and Ireland, in which the ochreous is suffused with rosy. Commoner than semi- 

 brunnea, occurring in the same localities as that species, and besides found in S. Scandinavia, Russia, Livonia 

 and the Ural Mts., Armenia, W. Siberia and Amurland. — Larva apple green; dorsal line broadly white; sub- 

 dorsal and spiracular lines more slenderly white; head green with dark mottling; feeds on lime, oak, elm, and 

 fruit trees. — 



L. ledereri Stgr. (30 g). Forewing grey with a brownish tinge; the markings ferruginous; an oblique ledereri. 

 angled median shade; some marks before and beyond submarginal line; the chequering of the fringe; short 

 oblique costal streaks, and the edges of the double lines; hindwing ochreous overlaid with dark grey; the veins 

 darker. Pontus and Amasia in Asia Minor; Rhodes. 



L. rosinae Pueng. (30 h). Forewing reddish brown on a grey ground speckled with coarse black scales; rosinae. 

 a black streak from base below cell; lines double, obscure, represented by dark points on veins; all the stig- 

 mata distinct and outlined with black; a dark median shade broadened at costa; dark marginal clouds beyond 

 submarginal line on both folds; hindwing reddish brown with broad dark terminal border. Amurland. 



L. brachyptera Stgr. Forewing grey- white; a sinuous black streak at base of submedian fold; lines brachyplera. 

 black, double only on costa; a dark median shade; claviform outlined in black joined by a black streak to 

 outer line; orbicular and reniform with brown centres ringed with white, and outlined with black; subterminal 

 line formed of slight brown lunules; hindwing pale brown. Ussuri, E. Siberia, 



L. ornitopus Boit. (= ornithopus Hein., rhizolitha. F.) (30 h). Forewing grey-white; a bifurcate black ornitopus. 

 streak from base below cell; lines indistinct, pale with dotted edges; stigmata grey with partial black outlines 

 and paler rings; the lower lobe of the reniform orange-tinged; claviform sometimes connected by a black streak 

 with outer line, and often a dark spot between the stigmata ; submarginal line waved, white, preceded by dark 

 marks; hindwing grey; the whiter forms are separated as ab. pallida Spul. (30 h). Generally distributed in pallida. 

 Europe, and occurring in Asia Minor and Siberia. — Larva bluish-green dotted with white; dorsal and sub- 

 dorsal lines white; spiracular line yellowish white; feeding on oak and other trees. 



L. pruinosa Bilr. (30 h). Forewing greyer than in ornitopus, and distinguished at once by the lower pruinosa. 

 lobe of the reniform being always dark grey, without any rufous tinge; the black streak from base upcurved, 

 not forked; the whole wing more speckled and the markings less plain. Japan. Two forms seem to 

 caU for a distinct name ; ab. nigrata ab. nov. (30 h), in which the dark grey scales have become black and form nigrata. 

 black blotches on the folds between the stigmata and beyond the claviform; and ab. unicolor ab. nov. (30 i), unicolor. 

 which has the forewing uniform dull grey, without light or dark speckling, the only visible markings being 

 the black streak from base, the edges of the stigmata, and the black streak beyond claviform. 



L. lamda F. (= rufescens Men.) (30 i). Forewing dark blue grey, very finely irrorated with olive lamda. 

 brown; a short black streak from base below cell with rufous suffusion below it; another on submedian fold 

 between inner and outer lines with dark suffusion above it; lines obscure, interrupted; orbicular stigma tri- 

 angular, blue grey, outlined with black; reniform large, its lower lobe curved below and edged with black, 

 filled up with rufous suffusion which basewards joins the orbicular; submarginal line ill-defined; hindwing 

 brownish fuscous, darker towards termen; fringe brownish white: underside dull red; ab. zinckenii Tr. zinckenii. 

 (30 i) is a much gayer insect ; the ground colour is pale silvery grey, and the dark suffusion deep olive, without 

 the brown or rufous tint, which only exists, and that to a much smaller extent, in the lower part of the reni- 

 form; aU the dark markings and the lines are emphasised with white; the submarginal line is distinct followed 

 by a dark mangled shade; hindwing fuscous brown, with nearly white fringe; ab. somniculosa Hering (30 i) somniculosa. 

 is smaller than the type, with darker, purplish grey, ground colour, the stigmata and lines hardly visible but 



III 17 



