148 CONISTKA. By W. Warren. 



, shading is shown only in the outer band and stigmata, the ground colour being pale or dark grey, we have the ab. 



sebdouensis. signata Klem. (36 b, c); — sebdouensis Aust. from Algeria is a form almost unicolorous except for the subterminal 



nigra, and terminal rows of black points; — while nigra B.-Haas, also from Algeria, is wholly blackish; — ocellata 



Spul., a rare development is like the dark-suffused glabroides Fuchs, but with the dark spots lying in the pale 



submarginal band isolated by the dark brown veins so as to assume an ocellate look; other forms separated 



variegala. by Tutt mainly, but not wholly, from a study of British examples are: — ab. variegata Tutt, like ochrea, but 



raja, more marbled with reddish, especially in middle of wing and with pale nervures; — ab. rufa Tutt (36 c), a bright red 



suffusa. form with markings almost obsolete; ab. suffusa Tutt (36 c), which appears to be a development of glabroides, with 



the dark suffusion mostly confined to the central area of the wing, the suffusion, however, being not deep brown, 



obseiira. but slaty or greyish-black; and ab. obscura Tutt where the ochreous or reddish tints are entirely lost, the ground 



colour being dark or light grey, with the veins and edges of stigmata paler, approaching signata Klem. Larva 



yellowish or pinkish brown, with dark mottlings; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale; subspiracular line pale tinged 



with green; spiracles black; feeding at first on oak and other trees, and afterwards on all low plants. Occurs 



throughout Europe, except Spain and Portugal, also in Armenia, Asia Minor, and W. Siberia, and in Algeria. 



ligula. C. ligula Esp. (= subnigra Haw.) (36 c). Forewing deep red brown or purplish brown, darker than vaccinii; 



a pale submarginal band, grey or brownish grey, on which stand the spots forming the submarginal line; the lines 



polita. and edges of the stigmata, and often the veins pale; hindwing brownish fuscous; — polita Hbn. (= dolosa Dup. 



nee Hbn.) (36 c) is dark grey to blackish grey without any red or brown tints; — the grey brown forms of this, with 



subsmdiwa a s hght rufous tint, appear to be the ab. brigensis Bsd. ; subspadicea Stgr. (= spadicea Haw., polita Dup. nee 



Hbn.) (36 d) is unicolorous dark purplish or reddish brown, with all markings semiobsolete; a paler form of this, red 



canilinea. brown or rufous, ab. canilinea ab.nov. (36 d), has the inner and outer lines pale leaden grey or ochreous grey; close to 



canescens. these comes canescens Esp. (36 d), a dark brown form, slightly sprinkled with paler scales, in which the veins are 



turtur. conspicuously paler, and the pale cross lines and edges of the stigmata are all prominent; — turtur Hmps. (36 d) is 



like polita, but with the grey markings distinct and the veins grey. Larva yellowish brown; the lines pale, but 



obscure; spiracular line pinkish ochreous, dark-edged above; spiracles black; feeding at first on Prunus and 



afterwards on all kinds of low plants. The species, if species it be, has the same distribution as vaccinii, and 



occurs besides in W. Turkestan and E. Siberia. 



torrida. C. torrida Led. (36 d, e). Forewing purplish redbrown, dusted with white along costa and vein 1 ; inner and 



outer lines obscurely double, conversely toothed to black and white points; median shade variable; orbicular and 

 reniform stigmata defined by black, the former oblong and oblique, the latter with the lower half fuscous with 

 some white scales on it; submarginal line a series of ochreous and black dentate marks; hindwing dark fuscous, 



faillae. paler along termen; in the ab. faillae Turati the costa, stigmata, and the submarginal line and band are yellowish, 

 Larva reddish yellow, darker on dorsum, yellow below; dorsal and subdorsal lines finely yellow, interrupted, 

 partially dark-edged; spiracles black; head small, reddish yellow. Occurs in S. E. France, Switzerland, Italy, 

 Sicily, Carniola, and Bulgaria. 



rubiginea. C. rubiginea F. (— pulverea Hbn., neurodes Hbn., rubigo Rmb.) (36 e). Forewing fulvous yellow; the lines 



fulvous brown, marked by black spots on veins; the basal, inner, and outer lines double; median shade often 

 broad and diffuse, rarely swollen so as to darken the central area on inner margin; orbicular and reniform of 

 the pale ground colour, undefined, the former with a black centre, the latter with lower lobe black, the lateral 

 margin on each side of it pale yellow; terminal area narrowly brown; hindwing blackish fuscous, the fringe rufous; 

 ligrruia. — . specimens suffused with fulvous brown form the ab. tigerina Esp. (36 e); — unicolor Tutt has body and forewing 

 brickred, the black points few, restricted to base of submedian fold, the centre of orbicular stigma, the sub- 

 marginal and marginal points, and the lower part of the reniform; hindwing reddish ochreous with dark brown 

 modesla. suffusion; — ab. modesta Hmps. has the thorax and forewing deep fulvous, except the basal area and the out- 

 eomplela. lines of the stigmata, which remain yellow; — ab. completa Hmps. (36 e) has the thorax and forewing uniformly 

 deep fulvous. Larva dark brown, with a black blotch on each segment on the dorsum; lines obscurely paler; 

 a dark line above the feet; feeds on numerous low plants. The larva, which is anomalously protected by brownish- 

 yellow hairs, is said to be found, as well as the pupa, in ants' nests. Of general occurrence, but not common, 

 in Europe, also in Armenia and Asia Minor. 



staudingeri. C. staudingeri Grasl. (36 e, f). Forewing dark bluish grey or slaty grey to pale bluish grey ; head and thorax and 



a patch at base of inner margin of forewing and the fringe rufous ochreous in the paler specimens ; in the darker 

 specimens the thorax and fringe is dark grey and the basal patch very slight ; the median shade varies in colour 

 in the same way, being dark grey and prominent, or rufous and more obscure; lines nearly always obscurely 

 expressed, disposed as in C. rubiginea; stigmata of the ground colour, scarcely outlined; the orbicular with 

 a central dark dot, the reniform with the lower end black; hindwing dark slaty grey, with the fringe rufous; 

 the species varies greatly, even in examples from the same locality; (all those in the Tring Museum are from 

 Digne, S. France) ; and the difficulty in rightly separating the forms is increased by the fact that of the insects from 

 which Staudinger's brief descriptions in his last Catalogue were made some were referred by him to ligula Esp., and 

 livina. othes to rubiginea F.; — livina Stgr. (36 g) is a dark leaden grey or fuscous form, with the markings usually obscure, 



