154 COSMIA. By W. Warren. 



outer line greyish purple, traversed by an interrupted yellow subrnarginal line, sometimes swollen at apex; 



orbicular and reniform stigmata purplish, diffuse and ill-defined, the former round; traces of a curved median 



rutilago. line; hindwing yellow, reddish towards termen; in rutilago F. (24 h) the ground colour is deep orange, with scarcely 



a trace of stigmata, the base of the basal area and the broader submarginal line also deep didl orange; — another 



form, quite as common apparently as the typical, has the j T ellow central area thickly mottled with orange, ab. 



m jutea. niarmorata ab. nov. (24 h) ; lutea Tutt is a rare form in which the whole forewing is pale yellow, with only the lines grey 



ish-purple ; two other, more or less unicolorous, forms are found ; one in which the orange ground colour overpowers 



Un facata t ^ ie P ur P nsn an d spreads over the whole wing, ab. unicolor Tutt, the other, fucata Esp. (24 i), (= ? virgata Tutt) is 



more or less wholly purplish ferruginous, with the terminal area showing still darker. In all the forms, owing 



to their deeper ground colour, the $$ show the difference between the two colours less. Larva redbrown, paler, 



somewhat greenish, in front; dorsal line whitish, interrupted at the segments, edged with dark; tubercular 



dots pale, inconspicuous; feeding on beech, at first on the flowers, then between united leaves, and finally on 



the ground. Occurs almost everywhere throughout Europe where its food plant flourishes. 



pallidago. C. pallidago Stgr. Dull sulphur yellow; the lines double, indistinct; the upper stigmata slightly defined 



by fuscous, the orbicular round, the reniform with a pale dark-edged spot on its lower part; hindwing dirty 

 white, darker towards termen. Asia Minor. 



siphuncida. C. siphuncula Hmps. (24 i). Forewing ochreous-yellow ; inner and outer lines rufous, double; median shade 



wavy, rufous; claviform stigma outlined with rufous; the orbicular and reniform outlined with dark, the lower 

 part of reniform fuscous; submarginal line waved, rufous, followed on costa by a brown triangular cloud; 

 fringe yellow mottled with brown; hindwing whitish yellow. Mongolia, and E. Siberia. 



lutea. C. lutea Strom. (=flavago F., rubago Don., silago Hbn.) (24 i). Forewing deep yellow, the markings purplish 



brown; a blotch on costa beyond basal line; inner line wavy, interrupted; median shade curved, interrupted; 

 outer line double, lunulate dentate, the space including median and outer lines shaded with purplish; orbicular 

 stigma yellow, marked only by one or two reddish points; reniform yellow with its upper part slightly and its 

 lower completely marked with purplish; the interval between the stigmata a purplish blotch; submarginal line 

 indicated only by purplish spots; fringe yellow chequered with purplish; hindwing yellowish white, more yellow 

 ochreago. along termen, often showing a dark grey outer line; ochreago Bkh. differs only in having a red central band 

 togata. instead of the purplish brown one, — in togata Esp. (24k) the median and double outer lines remain clear without 

 any dark suffusion. Larva brownish grey, dotted with red and yellow; dorsal line pale, with darker edges, but 

 obscure; spiracular line broadly pale; feeds at first in the catkins of sallow, then in united leaves, and finally 

 on the ground, on various plants. — Widely distributed, occurring throughout Europe and Central Asia, and 

 also in N. America. Distinguished from the next species by the purple head and shoulders. 



fulvago. C. fulvago L. (= cerago F.) (24 i, k). Forewing pale yellow; markings the same as in lutea, but the cloud on 



costa beyond submarginal line, the costal end of the median shade, and the subbasal costal blotch prominently 

 dark brown; the dark blotch at base of reniform with a pale centre; the fringe yellow; head and shoulders pale 

 flavescens. yellow; hindwing whitish; — flavescens Esp. (24 k) is an unicolorous form in which all the brown lines and shading 

 are absent, the lines and edges of the stigmata being sometimes represented by slender faint rufous lines, the 

 lower end of the reniform stigma alone remaining deep brown and the fringes reddish brown; an intermediate 

 form occurs in which the markings are pale reddish brown, either distinct or faint, and approaching flavescens; 

 asiatica. ^ s * s aD - cerago-HJm. (24 k) non F.; asiatica Hmps. from the Sir Daria, has more orange yellow forewings, with dark 

 brown markings, the antemedian and postmedian costal patches absent; the fringe dark brown at tips. Larva 

 hardly distinguishable from that of lutea, living in the same way. The species occurs throughout Europe and 

 Central Asia to Japan, but is not recorded from America. 



tunicala. C. tunicata Graes. (24 k). Differs from fulvago in having the space between median shade and outer line, 



(on costa and inner margin reaching to submarginal line), suffused with brown, sometimes only in the costal half 

 of wing; the patagia and thorax also brownish. Eecorded from E. Siberia and Japan. Probably merely a 

 form of fulvago L. 



gilvago. c. gilvago Esp. (28 g). Forewing deep yellow ochreous with a brownish flush; markings all blackish; inner 



and outer lines double; the former oblique, outwardly lunulate, its inner arm thick and blotchy; the latter 



inwardly lunulate, concise, the outer arm thick; submarginal line a row of dark spots preceded by a dark costal 



blotch attached to outer line, and followed by a diffuse dark shade; median shade blackish, thick and diffuse; 



orbicular stigma of the ground colour with a dark ring, separated by the median shade from the equally pale 



reniform which has its lower lobe black; fringe concolorous mottled with dark; hindwing yellowish, the inner 



marginal area grey; — when the brown tinge of forewing is intensified (sometimes darkening the whole wing), 



suffusa. and the dark markings likewise, forming a partially continuous dark band from median shade to outer line, 



griseo- we have the ab. suffusa Tutt (28 g) ; — on the other hand the yellow tinge may be nearby absent, the ground colour 



cinnamo- becoming olive grey , and the markings dark grey, the hindwing whitish ; this is ab. griseosignata Spul. (28 g) ; a rarer 



moago. form — cinnamomeago Spul. (28 h), — has the ground colour uniform fulvous, with the markings finer, those of the 



