COSMIA. By W. Warren. 155 



terminal area, and often those of the basal area also, more or less obsolete, the hindwing deeper yellow; — lastly 

 from the Goorais Valley, Kashmir, there ia a paler ochreous form of which the extreme development, ab. derasaab. derasa. 

 no». (= ab. 2 Hmps.) is wholly pale ochreous with only the lower half of reniform and the fringe dark brown, 

 exactly corresponding to the unmarked form flavescens of fulvago L. Larva pinkish brown; dorsal and subdorsal 

 linespale, dark-edged; a dorsal series of dark Y-shaped marks; spiracular line pale; feeding on the seeds of elm, 

 particularly wych-elm, not poplar. Generally distributed throughout Europe, except Spain and Portugal, and 

 found in Armenia, Asia Minor, W. Turkestan, and Kashmir. 



C. erythrago nov. worn. (= palleago Hbn. fig. 442, nee 192, 193, gilvago ab. 1. Hmps., ? intermedia erythrago. 

 Habich) (28 h). Forewing reddish ochreous or j-ellowish ochreous, with all the markings very slightly deeper except 

 the black-spotted submarginal line and a pale grey dot at lower end of reniform, which are distinct; the other 

 markings are disposed as in gilvago ; hindwing whiter. This species has been referred to gilvago as an aberration, 

 but is raised to specific rank in Staudinger and Eebel's Catalogue 1901, No. 2150, under the name of palleago 

 Hbn.; (Hiibner's earlier palleago figg. 192, 3 is not quoted in the Catalogue); and this seems almost certainly 

 right; for if a form of gilvago, it would surely occur in Britain and other localities where gilvago under all its 

 variations appears; on the contrary it seems restricted on the continent to a limited area (Zeller's specimens are 

 all labelled ,, Frankfort" and the Italian and B. French localities refer rather to Hiibner's other palleago = ocu- 

 laris Bkh.); and again, the larva of gilvago is said to feed on catkins of poplar as well as seeds of elm; but as gilvago 

 in Britain feeds solely on elm, the poplar feeders probably are erythrago; — austauti Oberth., a much paler form, austauli. 

 from Algeria, luteous grey or whitish in thorax and forewing, is referred here by Staudinger; the exact limits 

 of the species must remain doubtful for the present. 



C. ocellaris Bkh. (28 h). Forewing pale yellowish grey, more or less strongly tinged with reddish grey; the ocellaris. 

 inner and outer lines pale, slightly darker-edged; median shade dark grey, diffuse; submarginal line pale, 

 preceded by a row of dark dots, often faint or obsolete, except that above vein 6; fringe rufous; stigmata with 

 pale grey-edged annuli, the reniform with a whitish, dark-edged dot at lower extremity; hindwing whitish, 

 the inner marginal third pinkish grey; — the pale form without any red tinge is palleago Hbn. fig. 192 (28 h) ; — ab. palleago. 

 carneago ab. nov. (28 i) is pink, only the basal and terminal areas faintly greyish, the markings very faint, and the fringe carneago. 

 pink; — lineago Guen. (= gilvago Hbn. fig. 193) (28 h, i) has the forewing more thickly and darkly suffused with grey, lineago. 

 the pale veins and markings coming out more prominently ; — intermedia Habich is said to be transitional between intermedia. 

 typical ocellaris and gilvago; it may be, I think, the same as the yellower form of palleago Hbn. fig. 442; and if 

 so, would supplant the name erythrago for the preceding species. Larva yellowish grey; the dorsal and sub- 

 dorsal lines fine and faint; spiracular line broadly white; feeding in the catkins of poplars at first, afterwards 

 on the ground on fallen leaves and low plants. Of equally wide distribution with gilvago both in Europe and 

 Central Asia. 



C. sulphurago F. (28 i). Forewing yellowish strawcolour, the median area often washed with brownish; the sulphurago. 

 lines brown or brownish fuscous; the inner indistinctly marked, the outer sinuous; the submarginal formed 

 of brown spots, with a grey shade beyond it; the median shade sinuous, always very strongly marked; fringe 

 brown-tipped; stigmata double, the orbicular consisting of two dark dots, one above the other; the reniform 

 of two pale dark-edged annuli in the same position; hindwing yellowish-white; innotata Failla-Ted. is a form innotata. 

 from Italy in which the subbasal and inner lines, the two stigmata, and the terminal spots are more or less obsolete. 

 Larva ashy grey, sometimes reddish-tinged, with pale dorsal and subdorsal lines and oblique streaks between 

 them; spiracular line broadly white with a reddish tinge and edged above with dark; feeds on maple and pro- 

 bably lime. More local than its congeners: occurring in Germany, Austria, Hungary, Sweden, N. Italy, Sicily, 

 Switzerland, and in Armenia. 



C. cypreago Hmps. (28 e). Forewing yellow washed with fulvous, and dusted with grey in terminal half; cypreago. 

 the veins paler; lines ferruginous, the inner and outer double, the arms of the inner far apart; the outer line 

 sinuous; median shade vertical, thick, ferruginous; orbicular stigma pale, round, with black centre; reni- 

 form ferruginous, with some black scaling at lower end; submarginal line pale, preceded by a grey shade; fringe 

 ferruginous, the tips dark brown; hindwing whitish. Described from a single $ from the Mountains of Cyprus. 



C. vulpecula Led. (= vulpina Ev.) (28 f). Forewing olive ochreous tinged with grey; the veins and lines vulpecula. 

 darker, olive-brown; costa grey brown; inner line curved outwards below middle; outer line double, vertical, out- 

 wardly curved from costa to inner margin; a broadly diffuse median shade; stigmata dark-edged, the orbicular 

 round, pale; the reniform with dark linear centre and obscured by the suffusion of the median shade; submarginal 

 line formed of dull spots between the veins, preceded on costa by a triangular brown spot; fringe grey brown; 

 hindwing olive ochreous suffused with grey, except along costa and termen; a dark cellspot, outer, and sub- 

 marginal line. An Asiatic species found in the Altai Mts., W. Siberia, the Sajan Mts., and in E. Siberia, Amurland. 



C. citrago L. (= ochrago Esp.) (28 i). Forewing yellow, thickly freckled with orange ; veins finely ferruginous ; citrago. 

 lines ferruginous brown, the median thick; all running more or less parallel to each other and to termen; the 

 inner oblique outwards from costa to subcostal vein and again from vein 1 to inner margin where it touches the 



