1 6 4 PAEASTIOHTIS. By W. Warren. 



alon» costa which in litfwxylea is whitish: stigmata much plainer; outer line more continuously lunulate- 

 dentate, the median shade at its lower extremity extending from inner to outer line; the terminal brown 

 shades more distinct; the brown clouding on submedian fold before submarginal line absent; hindwing with 

 better-defined markings. Larva like that of liihoxylea but redder. — Less widely distributed than the 

 preceding species or else overlooked; Britain. France, Germany, S. Scandinavia. 



standftissi. P. standfussi Trti. Forewing white with a faint redbrown tinge and some black dusting, the median 



area, the costa beyond middle, and the terminal area suffused with blackish; a black streak below base 



of cell, and another above inner margin before inner line, a third on submedian fold between inner and 



outer lines; these are blackish, conversely edged with whitish; the inner strongly angled outwardly below 



costa. in cell, and above and below vein 1; the outer angled outwards at vein 6 then oblique inwards, 



lunulate-dentate ; subterminal line pale, preceded and followed by small black dentate marks; stigmata 



defined by black; the orbicular narrow, oblique, white: the reniform grey and large, produced inwards 



sicula. along median nervure; hindwing white; the veins and termen brownish; — ah. sicula Trti. (39 c), from 



Sicily, is very pale brown, with the lines obscured, the reniform obliterated, the orbicular narrower, and 



sardoa. no dark shades in median area: — ah. sardoa Trti. (39 d), from Sardinia, slightly smaller than typical 



examples, has the stigmata conspicuous in the blackish median area, and the lines broad and well-marked; 



cortica. — ab. Corsica Trti. (39 d), from Corsica, has the ground colour glaucous, and the markings and lines less 



conspicuous. This species, 1 find, is very close to, possibly merely a form of, ribbei Pueng p. 169. 



perslriata. P. perstriata Hmps. (39 d). Forewing redbrown varied with whitish; a black streak from base 



below cell, defined above by whitish; inner and outer lines black, double; the former preceded by white 

 points on veins, strongly dentate outwards between veins, the tooth below vein 1 reaching outer line; outer 

 line marked by double black vein dashes with a white dash between them; claviform stigma black, with an 

 obscure dark streak from it to outer line; orbicular and reniform brown with pale outlines, the orbicular 

 long and narrow, the reniform with only a white dot at lower extremity followed by a dark dash; sub- 

 marginal line whitish, the terminal area beyond it blackish except at apex, the veins and interspaces black- 

 streaked: hindwing brownish fuscous. Chang-yang, W. China. 



ehinensis. P. chinensis Leech (39 d). Forewing pale yellowish oehreous, suffused along costa and termen with 



purplish brown; a black streak from base below cell; inner and outer lines black; claviform stigma out- 

 lined with black; upper stigmata with fuscous centres and pale outlines, the cell dark; submarginal line 

 pale, followed only by dark patches; the apical area pale, surrounded with darker; hindwing pale oehreous, 

 with the veins, cellspot, outer line, and submarginal border darker. Described by Leech from a single <$ 

 from Chia-kou-ho, W. China. 



hepaliea. P. hepatica L. (= temera Hbn., implexa Hbn., mix Frr.) (39 d). Forewing grey brown or pale 



liver coloured; inner and outer lines double, obscurely marked; a thick black streak from base below cell, 



and a more diffuse one obliquely below it above inner margin; claviform stigma small, with black outline; 



orbicular oblique with brown centre and pale ring; reniform pale, defined only on its inner edge by a 



brown line with a pale dot at lower end, the cell between them dark brown; submarginal line pale, 



indented on each fold, preceded by black blotches on costa and on the folds and followed by dark marks 



on the latter only; hindwing brownish fuscous, paler towards base, with dark cell spot; — very frequently 



... the whole forewing is suffused with reddish brown, throwing up the paler transverse markings; this is the 



epomidiori. from characterea Hbn. (39 d); — an extreme development of this, with the basal area above the black 



alopeeu- streak remaining prominently pale is the ab. epomidion Haw. (39 d); — alopecuroides Spul., from the 



01 es ' Bukowina, denotes a form in which the whole forewing is redbrown, as in the form of rurea F. called 



discrepans. alopecurus Esp.; — discrepans Stgr., from the Ussuri, is described as being much darker, the forewings 



coloured as in gemina Hbn. — Larva grey brown to redbrown, paler at sides and on venter; dorsal line 



fine, yellowish; subdorsal also yellow and slender; lateral line grey; spiracles black; head and thoracic 



plate brown, the latter with 3 white lines; feeding on grasses. Occurs in Britain and throughout Northern 



and Central Europe; in the Altai Mts., W. Siberia, and in Amurland. 



sodalis. P. sodalis Btlr. (= obliquiorbis Moore) (39 e). Forewing oehreous washed with rufous, the costal 



and terminal areas, and the central field above submedian fold dark redbrown; veins towards termen red- 

 brown; lines brown, double, not distinct; inner line curved between the veins and acutely toothed out- 

 wards below vein 1; a brown streak from base below cell, and another on inner margin; claviform brown, 

 outlined with black; orbicular rufous with dark outline, narrow and oblique; reniform with inner half dark 

 brown, outer half oehreous, undefined; the cell dark redbrown; submarginal line rufous, with brown shading 

 before it, tlie terminal area black brown; hindwing greyish oehreous with cellspot, outer line, and veins 

 darker: a broad fuscous marginal border. Japan and China: also found in N. India. 



rurea. P. rurea F. (= luculenta Esp.) (39 e). Forewing pale lilac grey, often washed with pale brownish; 



the veins paler: costal area tinged with purplish grey; inner margin with white, and with a strong black 



