304 



CATOCALA. By W. Warren. 



on submedian fold; the base and inner margin smoky fuscous; terminal border broadly black, its inner edge 

 serenides. evenly sinuous; a very small yellowish space at apex; fringe white; — serenides Stgr. (54 f) differs in having 

 the forewing dark without the paler grey shadings; the hindwing with median band narrower and more 

 concisely edged, the yellow between the two bands broader and clearer; the pale patch at apex larger. 

 Larva (of serenides), according to Graeser feeding on Pyrus. The type form hella from Japan; italics serenides 

 from the Ussuri district, Amurland. 



2. Genus: Catocala Schrank. 



Differs from Mormonia in the spines of hind tibiae being restricted to the space between the two pairs 

 of spurs, not extending the whole length of the tibia. Type C. fraxini L. 



* Ground colour of hindwing bluish. 



fraxini- C. fraxini L. (54 d). Forewing whitish ochreous, irrorated with pale or dark grey, sometimes with 



a yellow tinge; inner and outer lines blackish, dentate, double; median and subterminal lines blackish, dentate; 



reniform stigma with black centre and outline ; beneath it a pale yellowish diamond-shaped spot outlined with 



moerens. dark; hindwing blackish, with a broad blue postmedian band. — ab. moerens Fuchs (54 d) has the forewing 



gattdens. more or less strongly suffused throughout with blackish grey, obscuring the markings; — the form gaudens 



Stgr. (54 d i on the other hand, from Central Asia, is very pale, with most of the black scaling obsolete; — 



conUgua. in 'he ab. contigua Schultz (54 e) the pale spot below the reniform stigma is elongated outwards to touch the 



outer line, often, as well as the outer line itself, strongly yellow-tinged, especially noticeable in examples with 



anqustata. the ground colour dark; -- angustata Schultz is distinguished by the narrowness of the blue band of the 



macidata. hindwing; — the ab. maculata Kusenov shows a white mark at the lower angle of cell of hindwing. Schultz 



also records an instance of albinism in the forewings, where the grey scales throughout have become white, 



and the black lines brownish yellow, the hindwings remaining unaltered. Larva brownish grey, black-speckled, 



with pointed prominences on segments 9 and 12; feeding on Ash and Poplar. The species occurs throughout 



Central Europe, in C. Italy, Scandinavia, and Britain; in Armenia, W. Siberia, Amurland, and Japan. 



** Ground colour of hindwing white. 



l ara C. lara Brem. (54 e). Forewing whitish, suffused and thickly dusted with dark grey, the pale ground 



colour appearing only as an oblique band from costa to below median vein beyond inner line, and again as 

 a diffuse band from costa to vein 2 along the course of outer line; these two lines black, conversely edged 

 with grey: the former oblique to submedian fold, and excurved above and below vein 1; the latter acutely 

 angled outwards above and below vein 5, then incurved and lunulate dentate; the submarginal line dark grey, 

 near and parallel to the outer line ; a black streak connects the two lines above vein 2 ; an indistinct blackish 

 lunule on the discocellular; veins towards termen dark; a row of blackish submarginal lunules between the 

 veins: hindwing black with a curved whitish outer band; the apex and fringe white; underside white; the 

 forewing with two broad bands and the outer border black, the hindwing with a narrow curved median band 

 and broader terminal border black; a pale form from Japan, with very little dark suffusion, may be distinguished 

 pallida. as a b. pallida ab. nov. An Eastern species, found only in Amurland, Japan, and Corea. In both sexes the 

 Japanese form seems to run decidedly larger than the Amurland. 



*** The following species have the ground colour of hindwing red. 



nupia. C. nupta L. (55 a). Forewing pale grey powdered with darker grey, sometimes with dark grey banded 



suffusion, and in some cases yellowish-tinged; sometimes the cellspace before reniform coalescent with the 

 spot below reniform, and a space along outer line, before it above middle and beyond it below, are all 

 whitish: inner and outer lines double, black and grey; the outer line less oblique below middle and forming 

 two more conspicuous angles on each side of vein 2, the lower one double, then deeply indented along vein 1 

 median shade generally clear and produced squarely outwards beyond the reniform, which has a thick black 

 central lunule, a curved black inner edge, and a tridentate outer one; subterminal line pale and dark grey, 

 the paler inner portion sometimes whitish; hindwing crimson with a central black band bent on veiu 5, and 

 a thick black terminal border, the inner edge of which is waved towards abdominal margin; — in the form 

 concubina. concubina Him. (55 a) the red of the hindwing is brighter and the black median band more developed, being 

 broader throughout and continued to inner margin; the lines of forewing blacker and the pale areas generally 



nuptialis. more developed; the subsp. nuptialis Stgr., from Tibet (111, Issyk-kul, Ala Tau) and the Altai Mts., has the 

 [brewing paler, more gaily marked, the submarginal line white, sharply edged with black; — the subsp. 



obscurata. obscurata Obrii/i., from Amurland and Askold Island, is a much blacker form than the average European 



