308 



CATOCALA. By W. Warren. 



the lines whitish or yellowish, the fringe of forewing, the base, and the thorax either pale or blackish ; — 

 lugdunensis. the ab. lugdunensis Mill. (= f'lava Spul.) has the red of hindwing changed to yellow; — ab. excellens Schultz 



excellens. 

 xalmumm, 



shows the hindwings wholly black, the two usual black bands merely appearing deeper black; Chinese and 

 Japanese examples, -- subsp. zalmunna Btlr. (55 e) are larger than European, with the markings in lower half 

 of forewing less distinct, and the hi mil e in the reniform stigma more conspicuously brown; the ground colour 

 ranging from the ordinary pale silvery grey through ochreoiis grey to the dark grey Gensan and Amur examples, 

 subtrisiis. for which latter Schultz proposes the name subsp. subtristis Schultz (55 e), similar dark aberrations to which 

 occur occasionally even among European specimens. Larva pale or dark yellowish grey to yellowish brown, 

 finely black-dotted ; tubercles yellow ; the hump on segment 9 bright yellow with black outline : that on segment 

 12 bifid, brownish yellow; spiracles white with dark rings; the lateral fringes of filaments whitish; feeding 

 on Salix. Found in Central Europe (twice only in Britain), in Asia Minor, Amurland, China, Corea,~and Japan. 



promissa. 



C. promissa Esp. (= mneste Hbn.) (56 a). Smaller than sponsa; forewing with the ground colour white 

 dusted with pale and dark grey; the costal edge between the lines white; the basal line and streak from base 

 below cell black; the inner line double, black, forming a bluntly rounded projection in submedian interval, 

 generally accompanied by a diffuse black shade forming a band; space between outer and subterminal lines 

 filled in with dark; subterminal line pale grey, zigzag, externally black-edged; median space generally paler 

 grey, especially on costa before reniform and before outer line; reniform with blackish centre and pale grey 

 ring, placed in a diffuse dark median shade, the spot below it generally pale grey distinctly outlined with 

 black; hindwing crimson with broad black terminal border and narrow sinuous median band, not reaching 

 inner margin; the sinuosity of the band varies much, appearing to be greatest in British and Hungarian 

 examples; instances where the band actually reaches inner margin are very rare and confined to dark-suffused 

 ochmcea. ?? ; — ab. ochracea Oberth., from Valais and Silesia, has the hindwing pale yellow ochreous in place of red; — 

 ab. rosea Tutt has the dorsum red like the hindwings, as recorded by Guenee; in the ab. obsoleta Schultz 

 (56 a) the black bands of the hindwing, instead of being concisely marked, as usual, are diffusely edged and 

 run into the red ground colour, giving the whole wing a dark appearance. Larva bluish grey or greenish 

 grey, with irregularly shaped black marks on the dorsum and sides, varying in intensity; tubercles fine, white; 

 hump on segment 9 surrounded by black, white in middle; that on segment 12 bearing two strong points; 

 head yellow with black marks; venter with a row of black spots; the lateral filamentary processes very strongly 

 developed; feeding on oak and edible chestnut. Occurs, like sponsa, throughout Europe; also in Armenia, 

 Asia Minor, and Algeria. 



rosea, 

 obsoleta 



hilaris. C. hilaris Oberth. (=electra Bang-Haas) (56 a). Forewing chalk white dusted with fuscous and olive 



scales; the lines black and double, accompanied by yellowish olive scaling; the inner line with its outer arm 

 black and thick above middle, its inner preceded by a blackish fuscous cloud; outer line black followed by a 

 dark brown shade; the subterminal deeply zigzag, blackish filled in with white; reniform stigma a yellow 

 central lunule edged/ with black, surrounded by a pale ring outlined in black, often followed by a dark cloud; 

 the spot below it rounded triangular, with black outline; median shade black at costa, then olive brown; 

 terminal area slightly greyer; hindwing deep crimson, with a nearly straight median black band, swollen above 

 middle and not produced at end towards inner margin; terminal black border very broad, its inner edge 

 sinuous to vein 2, then narrowed to tornus; fringe white, intersected by dark rays. Algeria. I consider this 

 a quite distinct species from promissa. 



conjuricta. C. conjuncta Esp. {= conjuga Hbn. (56a). Smaller and generally darker than promissa. Forewing 



with the basal area, suffused with olive brown and fuscous; the inner line not projecting on submedian fold, 

 but slightly waved or nearly straight, oblique, followed by a pale fascia across wing from costa to inner margin, 

 beyond which the outer area is suffused with olive brown; subterminal line pale, dentate in middle, edged 

 outwardly with black; a black marginal festooned line; reniform stigma olive brown, with a dark lunule at 

 centre and black outline, the outer edge dentate; the spot beneath it large, fulvous grey, with black outline, 

 generally closed but at times open to the outer area; hindwing dull pale red, with a narrow simply curved 

 black median band, starting from a large black basal blotch on costa and ending before vein 1 ; terminal 

 digressa. border broad, narrowing below vein 2; fringe blackish grey, white at apex; — the ab. digressa Th.-Mg. has 

 vkida. the hindwing much paler; — in the Algerian form subsp. vivida subsp. nor. (56b) the red of the hindwing 

 fulva. is richer and deeper, as in the Algerian forms of dilecta Hbn., an aberration of this, — ab. fulva ab. nov. 

 shows the ground colour of hindwing dull fulvous instead of crimson. Larva brownish grey, finely dark-dotted, 

 with two faint dorsal stripes formed of brownish atoms, on which stand reddish tubercles; humps on segments 

 9 and 12 slight, the tubercles on the last swollen and curved backwards; feeding on oak. A south European 

 insect, occurring in Spain, Portugal, S. France, Italy, Greece, and Croatia; in Asia Minor, Lydia, Syria, the 

 Taurus Mts.: also in Algeria. 



