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it from the west. The bulk of its primary rock evidently formed 

 the centre of a particular ice-covering but it has not been 

 overflowed by masses of ice from the west. Again, the surface 

 features of the whole district are rather the reverse of any 

 proof of an ice- covering of so general and comprehensive a 

 nature. I do not, it is true, consider that the old maximum 

 extent of the ice was necessarily determined by the boundary 

 between the peaked outlines and the lower country with its 

 rounded hillocks, but many of the more pointed peaks are of 

 such a kind that one can scarcely doubt that if they were 

 ever covered with ice such a long time has passed since then 

 that the submarine moraine deposits of such a period should 

 now as a matter of course be generally covered with younger 

 layers. 



Now it is true that the observations to which I am now 

 chiefly referring were taken in the district south of Franz Joseph 

 Fjord, but it is scarcely imaginable that neighbouring tracts 

 should be markedly dissimilar in this respect. Nor do I hold 

 Bøggild' s proofs to be altogether convincing. From the dred- 

 gings referred to outside C. Borlase Warren, no sure conclusions 

 can be drawn, since they are derived from various expeditions: 

 a week's journey amid drift-ice is always enough to make the 

 ships position an uncertain quantity to a few nautical miles, and 

 therewith the whole existence of the above-mentioned submarine 

 wall (end-moraine) is uncertain. Nor is it possible to draw any 

 farreaching conclusions if, in a single series of dredgings, at right 

 angles to the coast, the bottom gravel proves to be coarser out 

 to sea than off the coast. That can be explained in several 

 ways, e. g. that once upon a time the ice-bergs within the 

 former coast-belt discharged a more abundant material of coarse 

 gravel somewhat further off the land, or that a covering of moraine 

 gravel was during an ice-period deposited and rather evenly di- 

 stributed upon the shallow coastal shelf by melting ice-bergs 

 broken off from the glaciers that filled the fjords and which, 



