Ethnographical collections from East Greenland. 709 



siaat, which means 'the Norsemen, Icelanders (from the middle ages)'. Finally, 

 there is a faint possibility that the two Icelandic names Utiblik and MaJdeik, 

 both the names of fjords lying at some distance from the Icelandic settlements, 

 might in reality be Eskimo names that have been naturalized in the Greenland - 

 Icelandic language^) {ixoniT^sk. ituiLwLeq 'transition, landstrait' and maLLeq'wave- 

 swell'). Thus also Ânavik 'the creek of the rivulets', might perhaps be regarded 

 as equivalent to the Eskimo Anniwik 'the place of exit' — but I have not 

 myself much confidence in all these comparisons. 



With regard to the common words I have not much to add to my previous 

 remarks^). The earliest found word is kona (obsolete) 'woman' in Olearius (1656), 

 konâ with long â in Egede, in Fabricius копа and konangoak 'dear little woman' 

 (with the diminutive termination -nguaq). The facts, that this word is only 

 known from South-west Greenland and was even very little used there in Egede's 

 time and now-a-days not at all, that in South Greenland it had quite the same 

 form and signification as in Iceland and that the naturalization of the word might 

 be explained psychologically, all lend some support to the supposition, that it 

 is of Icelandic origin. Of more doubtful character is the relation between the 

 word kalaaleq or karaaleq 'a native, a South Greenlander', like the above only used 

 in South Greenland, and the Icelandic ^arZ 'man' or /^гжй 'thrall, servant'. Here 

 we also learn from Egede, that the natives themselves told him on his arrival, 

 that they had been called thus by the old Norsemen. From a phonetic point 

 of view there might be some connection between them, namely, that the Icelandic 

 karl (pronounced kall)^) in the Eskimo mouth would sound something like *kalal{eq) 

 or *kalleq, whereas prœll would become taraal{eq). It is almost as if the two 

 words has become mixed in the modern Eskimo form kalaaleq {karaaleq)^). There 

 is another word in the Greenland dictionary about which the Greenlanders have 

 the tradition, that it refers to the Norsemen, namely, saagoq (or saaijoq) 'armour, 

 coat of mail', but this word is not of alien origin. It may have been applied 

 to the description of the armour of the foreigners, but otherwise it means 

 generally 'a shield placed in front of something else' (also 'a curtain in front of 

 a window, a suspended skin')^). 



If any of the wares of the Icelanders had been appreciated by the Eskimo, 

 we might imagine that these things had obtained names in the Eskimo language 



1) F. Jonsson (1899) p. 276. 



2) Thalbitzer (1904) pp. 35—37. In this book p. 332. Cf. also C. Rafns remarks 

 in his Antiqvitates Americanæ (1837) p. 454, footnote, and Thorhallesen (1776) 

 pp. 65 — 66. 



3) See Fritzner's dictionary under karl. 



^) I do not think, that the name Kalaaleq has anything to do with Skrœling. On 

 the contrary, I I'etaln the idea that it may in realit}^ be explained as a true 

 Eskimo Avord and that the resemblances to the Norse words given above are 

 fortuitous. I have pointed at another explanation in a previous paper (1905, 

 p. 206) to which I may add here, that the Kavrålit of the Chukchee might also 

 be taken into consideration. This is the name given by the Chukchee to a class 

 of traders of "maritime descent" who spend their lives by travelling around 

 with their reindeer on the former areas of the Eskimo in North East Siberia, 

 between East Cape and the shores of Anadyr and Kolyma. Their name Kavrå- 

 lit means in Chukchee 'those going around'. Many of them were in their youth 

 poor seal-hunters who therefore turned to reindeer-breeding and bartering as 

 traders. Thus according to Bogoras (1904) p. 12. — If this name be really iden- 

 tical with the Karaalit of the East Eskimo, the latter must certainly be regarded 

 from quite another point of view than hitherto. 



^) In the Labrador dictionary saigo, plur. saikut 'palisades'. 



