RUSSIA IN EUROPE 
25 
and he drove on, although we had been told that there were no 
horses in the stables. We took a few provisions with us and 
found something to eat at one or two of the stations. At night 
there was only one common room, where all lodged and slept 
on the floors or benches, and as this is also used as a waiting- 
room for travelers by night while their horses are being changed, 
there was little opportunity for sleeping. The Russians carry 
their own beds and provisions, but we were not so fortunate, and 
so were obliged to lie on the boards, with straw for our beds. 
At the end of the second day we were over the mountains and 
in Asia. We stopped at the post-station. Our provisions were 
gone, and we could get nothing at the station but a samovar with 
hot water ; so, late at night, we drove on to Tiflis, a city of over 
one hundred thousand inhabitants. 
Through Tiflis the river Kur runs, with beautiful views of 
mount Kazbek and the snow peaks of the Caucasus to the north. 
Steep banks on either side divide the city into two parts, the one 
new, with fine boulevards, European civilization, and handsome 
houses, occupied solely by Russian officials ; the other, the old 
part, on hilly ground, inhabited by Persians, Armenians, Geor- 
gians, and others from the many different tribes of the Caucasus. 
Here are bazaars like those of Constantinople, Cairo, or Damas- 
cus, where goods from all parts of the Orient are sold. 
CONCLtSION. 
Many causes have been and are still at work that must arouse 
the Russians. Tlie first great impulse arose in the early part of 
the iH’esent century, during the Napoleonic wars, when the Rus- 
sian armies gathered from all parts of the kingdom, marched to 
Berlin and Vienna, and mingled with the armies of Prussia and 
Austria. Then came the invasion of Russia by Napoleon, the 
burning of Moscow, followed l)y the second march of the Rus- 
sian armies through Europe, and their entry into Paris in 1814, 
in each case coming home with enlarged vision and new ideas. 
Second, the introduction of steamboats on the rivers; third, the 
Crimean war and fall of Sebastopol, which aroused tlie ruling 
class to the ncce.ssity for railroads and better intercommunica- 
tion between the different parts of the empire, and led to the 
construction of three lines of railroad from the north to the south 
through the length of Russia, and three lines from its western to 
