SCOPE AND VALIE OF ARCTIC EXPLORATIONS 
37 
some religious association may likewise plant the seeds of civil- 
ization and Christianity amon'g the Cape York Eskimo? 
There is neither intent nor time to worthily eulogize the deeds 
of living Arctic men, nor even to stimulate the eager rising youth 
who shall outdo all that has gone before ; rather would this brief 
word add a leaf of laui’el to the crowned dead whose Arctic fame 
forms part of each nation’s historic heritage — hallowed for the 
j)ast, priceless for the present, indispensable for successful fu- 
turity. 
Shall I name the soldiers or sailors, the explorers or scientists, 
the trader or the whaler? Rather all, since science knows neither 
station nor profession, neither dialect nor nationality. 
In the roll-call of the dead Austria-Hungary answers with 
’\Ve}"precht, whose greatest fame will ever be associated with the 
establishment of the international })olar stations. 
Denmark follows, equally at home in Ainerican, Asiatic, or Eu- 
ropean waters, through Munk and Hamke, Jan Mayen and Vitus 
Bering. 
Then France wdth De la Croyere, Pages, Blosseville, Fabre, 
Ctaimard, Marmier, Martins, and Bellot, the last a name ever 
grateful to English ears. 
Germany has generously loaned her talent to insure success 
Avherever sound and important scientific work is to be done. 
Baer, Bessell, Petermann, and Steller are Avortny successors to 
Frederick Martens, of the seventeenth century — men and Avork 
of Avhich any nation may be proud. 
Holland, in Barents, Nay, Tetgales, Rip, and Heemskerck, pre- 
sents a roll of honor Avell in keeping Avith the notable Avork of 
the thousands of Dutch Avhalers that exploited the Spitzbergen 
seas. 
The Italian contingent, from the Zeni of the fourteenth cen- 
tury through the Cabots toBoveof our OAvn day, maintain here, 
as elseAvhere, their geographic standing. 
Norwegian Othere set in the ninth century the ])ioneer standard 
of Arctic ex[)loration, Avhich later, combined Avith the labor of 
exploiting the northern seas, has Mattilas, Carlsen, Tol)iesen, and 
a score of others as Avorthy successors. 
Russia finds the Arctic problem a domestic ([uestion, and from 
the time of Peter tlie Great to today has done an amount of Avork 
not generally ai)preciated or known. 'I’he Laptietts and Desh- 
neff, Tchirikof, and IJakoff’, Anjou and Wrangell, Kotzebue and 
