﻿LOCUST 
  MOVEMENTS 
  IN 
  OTHER 
  COUNTRIES. 
  33 
  

  

  nach 
  ihrer 
  geographischen 
  Verbreitung." 
  Ritter, 
  Erdkunde, 
  pt. 
  8, 
  p. 
  

   789-815, 
  1843. 
  

  

  Adolpli 
  Kefersteiu. 
  — 
  " 
  Ueber 
  die 
  sehadlichen 
  Heuschrecken." 
  In 
  En- 
  

   tomologrsche 
  Zeitung, 
  Stettin, 
  1843. 
  

  

  Fr. 
  Th. 
  Koppen. 
  — 
  "Ueber 
  die 
  Heuschrecken 
  in 
  Sudrussland," 
  St. 
  

   Petersburg, 
  1SCC. 
  

  

  Numerous 
  subsequent 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  older 
  authorities 
  not 
  mentioned 
  by 
  

   these 
  writers 
  have 
  been 
  consulted. 
  

  

  The 
  object 
  in 
  view 
  in 
  presenting 
  the 
  facts 
  in 
  relation 
  to 
  other 
  species 
  

   of 
  locusts 
  than 
  our 
  own 
  is 
  to 
  draw 
  therefrom 
  conclusions 
  in 
  reference 
  to 
  

   the 
  limits 
  of 
  their 
  areas 
  of 
  permanent 
  distribution 
  ; 
  extent 
  and 
  direc- 
  

   tions 
  of 
  migrations 
  ; 
  relations 
  to 
  faunal 
  districts 
  , 
  powers 
  and 
  modes 
  of 
  

   flight 
  ; 
  character 
  of 
  countries 
  inhabited 
  by 
  them 
  ; 
  effect 
  of 
  climatic 
  influ- 
  

   ences 
  ; 
  causes 
  of 
  migrations, 
  &c. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  now 
  well 
  ascertained 
  that 
  there 
  are 
  but 
  two 
  species 
  of 
  true 
  mi- 
  

   gratory 
  locusts 
  {Pachytylus 
  migratorius 
  and 
  Caloptenus 
  italicus) 
  that 
  

   prove 
  injurious 
  in 
  European 
  countries,* 
  hence 
  it 
  is 
  fair 
  to 
  conclude 
  that 
  

   the 
  older 
  accounts 
  of 
  locust 
  invasions 
  and 
  locust 
  devastations 
  in 
  Europe 
  

   apply 
  to 
  one 
  or 
  the 
  other 
  of 
  these 
  species. 
  The 
  locust 
  literature 
  relat- 
  

   ing 
  to 
  this 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  world 
  is 
  very 
  voluminous 
  and 
  much 
  of 
  it 
  of 
  very 
  

   little 
  value 
  in 
  determining 
  any 
  of 
  the 
  more 
  important 
  questions 
  in 
  ref- 
  

   erence 
  to 
  the 
  natural 
  history, 
  habits, 
  or 
  specific 
  characters, 
  being 
  chiefly 
  

   valuable 
  in 
  determining 
  the 
  regions 
  visited 
  and 
  the 
  chronology 
  of 
  

   locust 
  migrations. 
  

  

  Among 
  the 
  earlier 
  accounts 
  of 
  the 
  locusts 
  in 
  Europe 
  we 
  notice 
  the 
  fol- 
  

   lowing 
  : 
  

  

  Pausanias, 
  1 
  who 
  says 
  he 
  personally 
  knew 
  that 
  these 
  insects 
  three 
  times 
  

   perished 
  upon 
  Mount 
  Sigylus, 
  though 
  not 
  from 
  the 
  same 
  causes 
  ; 
  once 
  

   the 
  sudden 
  visitation 
  of 
  a 
  hurricane 
  dispersed 
  them 
  ;* 
  a 
  second 
  time 
  the 
  

   evaporation 
  of 
  a 
  severe 
  heat 
  following 
  upon 
  a 
  rain-storm 
  destroyed 
  them 
  ; 
  

   and 
  the 
  third 
  time 
  they 
  perished 
  through 
  a 
  sudden 
  cold. 
  

  

  Livy 
  2 
  states 
  that 
  in 
  the 
  year 
  of 
  Eome 
  579 
  (B. 
  C. 
  75), 
  the 
  whole 
  Pomp- 
  

   tine 
  district 
  was 
  covered 
  with 
  clouds 
  of 
  locusts. 
  

  

  Pliny 
  3 
  remarks 
  that 
  — 
  

  

  There 
  is 
  another 
  mode 
  also 
  in 
  which 
  these 
  creatures 
  perish 
  ; 
  the 
  winds 
  carry 
  them 
  

   off 
  in 
  vast 
  swarms, 
  upon 
  which 
  they 
  fall 
  into 
  the 
  sea 
  or 
  standing 
  waters, 
  and 
  not, 
  as 
  

   the 
  ancients 
  supposed, 
  because 
  their 
  wings 
  had 
  been 
  drenched 
  by 
  the 
  dampness 
  of 
  the 
  

   night. 
  The 
  same 
  authors 
  have 
  also 
  stated 
  that 
  they 
  are 
  unable 
  to 
  fly 
  during 
  the 
  night 
  

   in 
  consequence 
  of 
  the 
  cold, 
  being 
  ignorant 
  of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  they 
  travel 
  over 
  lengthened 
  

   tracts 
  of 
  sea 
  for 
  many 
  days 
  together, 
  a 
  thing 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  more 
  wondered 
  at, 
  as 
  they 
  have 
  

   to 
  endure 
  hunger 
  all 
  the 
  time 
  as 
  well, 
  for 
  this 
  it 
  is 
  which 
  causes 
  them 
  to 
  be 
  thus 
  seek- 
  

   ing 
  pastures 
  in 
  other 
  lands. 
  * 
  * 
  * 
  As 
  they 
  fly 
  they 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  larger 
  than 
  they 
  

   really 
  are, 
  while 
  they 
  make 
  such 
  a 
  loud 
  noise 
  with 
  their 
  wings 
  that 
  they 
  might 
  read- 
  

  

  * 
  We 
  are 
  fully 
  aware 
  of 
  what 
  is 
  said 
  in 
  reference 
  to 
  other 
  species 
  migrating, 
  hut 
  we 
  6peak 
  here 
  of 
  

   "true 
  migratory 
  species," 
  and, 
  notwithstanding 
  numerous 
  statements 
  to 
  the 
  contrary 
  effect, 
  we 
  art 
  

   satisfied 
  there 
  are 
  but 
  two 
  European 
  species 
  entitled 
  to 
  this 
  designation. 
  

  

  1 
  Attica, 
  lib. 
  i, 
  cap. 
  24. 
  

  

  'Lib. 
  42. 
  cap. 
  2. 
  

  

  •Nat. 
  Hist., 
  lib. 
  2, 
  cap. 
  29, 
  Bostock 
  &Kiley's 
  English 
  Transl., 
  Bohn's 
  ed. 
  iii, 
  p. 
  35. 
  

   3L 
  

  

  