﻿40 
  REPORT 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  ENTOMOLOGICAL 
  COMMISSION. 
  

  

  After 
  the 
  locusts 
  had 
  shown 
  themselves 
  repeatedly 
  here 
  and 
  there 
  in 
  

   Germany 
  until 
  1696 
  they 
  disappeared. 
  

  

  In 
  1708 
  the 
  numerous 
  invasions 
  of 
  the 
  eighteenth 
  century 
  commenced, 
  

   culminating 
  in 
  the 
  memorable 
  irruption 
  of 
  1747- 
  ? 
  52, 
  which 
  spread 
  over 
  

   Europe 
  from 
  Turkey 
  to 
  Wales. 
  We 
  can 
  do 
  but 
  little 
  more 
  than 
  give 
  

   dates 
  of 
  this 
  busy 
  locust 
  century. 
  In 
  1708 
  they 
  came 
  out 
  of 
  Wallachia 
  

   and 
  passed 
  through 
  Poland 
  into 
  Eussia. 
  50 
  In 
  1710 
  a 
  vast 
  swarm 
  for 
  a 
  

   time 
  spread 
  alarm 
  through 
  the 
  army 
  of 
  Charles 
  XII 
  in 
  Bessarabia. 
  51 
  

  

  In 
  1712 
  they 
  passed 
  through 
  Gallicia 
  to 
  Germany, 
  and 
  in 
  this 
  or 
  the 
  

   following 
  year 
  were 
  very 
  severe 
  in 
  Silesia. 
  This 
  invasion 
  must 
  have 
  

   been 
  much 
  more 
  severe 
  than 
  the 
  brief 
  notice 
  given 
  it 
  by 
  Bitter, 
  Keffer- 
  

   stein, 
  Fischer, 
  and 
  Koppen 
  would 
  indicate. 
  It 
  appears 
  to 
  have 
  con- 
  

   tinued 
  for 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  years 
  and 
  to 
  have 
  spread 
  to 
  Italy 
  if 
  we 
  may 
  

   judge 
  from 
  the 
  following 
  papers 
  which 
  appeared 
  at 
  that 
  time. 
  52 
  

  

  Italy 
  was 
  again 
  visited 
  in 
  1727, 
  and 
  parts 
  of 
  it 
  severely 
  ravaged. 
  In 
  

   1730 
  to 
  1732 
  they 
  visited 
  Germany, 
  penetrating 
  to 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  Berlin. 
  53 
  

  

  In 
  1747-'48 
  the 
  great 
  locust 
  swarm 
  of 
  the 
  century, 
  starting 
  from 
  Tur- 
  

   key, 
  54 
  spread 
  through 
  Wallachia, 
  Moldavia, 
  Transylvania, 
  and 
  Hungary, 
  

   and 
  from 
  thence, 
  in 
  1749, 
  passed 
  into 
  Austria, 
  Bavaria, 
  and 
  Germany, 
  

   reaching 
  Brandenburg 
  in 
  1750. 
  The 
  Ukraine, 
  Poland, 
  and 
  Silesia 
  were 
  

   also 
  visited. 
  Nor 
  did 
  the 
  vast 
  horde 
  cease 
  its 
  onward 
  course 
  until 
  it 
  had 
  

   penetrated 
  into 
  England 
  and 
  Scotland. 
  In 
  England 
  they 
  were 
  espe- 
  

   cially 
  destructive 
  in 
  Norfolk, 
  Stafford, 
  Cheshire, 
  and 
  Derbyshire. 
  55 
  

  

  In 
  1759 
  they 
  again 
  visited 
  Italy 
  j 
  56 
  parts 
  of 
  Bussia 
  were 
  invaded 
  at 
  

   intervals 
  from 
  1783 
  to 
  1802, 
  but 
  no 
  swarm 
  entered 
  Germany 
  until 
  1803, 
  

   and 
  then 
  only 
  crossed 
  the 
  eastern 
  border 
  ; 
  57 
  but 
  in 
  1825, 
  1826, 
  and 
  1827 
  

   various 
  parts 
  of 
  this 
  country 
  were 
  visited 
  by 
  them. 
  From 
  1812 
  up 
  to 
  

   1860, 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  record 
  given 
  by 
  Koppen, 
  some 
  part 
  of 
  Southern 
  

  

  ^Georgi 
  — 
  in 
  Koppen. 
  

  

  6l 
  Demole, 
  Stoikoovitsch, 
  Koppen, 
  Keferstein, 
  and 
  Capellan. 
  

  

  62 
  J. 
  Ghistoph 
  Ortlob, 
  " 
  Dissertatio 
  de 
  praesagiis 
  locustarum 
  incertia 
  et 
  falsis." 
  Lipsiae, 
  1713.— 
  Paul 
  

   Jetzen, 
  "Conjecturae 
  de 
  ominosislocustis 
  quae 
  aestate 
  superiore 
  Silesiam 
  depopulate 
  sunt, 
  &c." 
  Sedini, 
  

   1713. 
  — 
  Same, 
  "Muthmaasungen 
  von 
  den 
  wundersamen 
  Heuschrecken 
  welche 
  im 
  vorigen 
  Sommer 
  in 
  

   Schlesien 
  grossen 
  Schaden 
  gethan, 
  &c." 
  — 
  Stettin, 
  1713. 
  — 
  S. 
  G. 
  Loeber, 
  "Epistolade 
  loeustis." 
  Ephem. 
  

   Acad. 
  Nat. 
  Curios. 
  1715, 
  cent 
  iii, 
  iv, 
  app., 
  137. 
  — 
  Guiseppe 
  del 
  Papa, 
  " 
  Eelazione 
  delle 
  diligenze 
  usate 
  con 
  

   felice 
  successo 
  nelT 
  anno 
  1716 
  per 
  distruggere 
  le 
  cavallette, 
  le 
  quali 
  avevano 
  stranamente 
  ingombrato 
  

   una 
  gran 
  parte 
  delle 
  Maremme 
  di 
  Pisa, 
  di 
  Siena, 
  di 
  Volterra. 
  e 
  tutte 
  le 
  carupagne 
  di 
  Pioinbino, 
  Scarlino 
  

   eSowereto." 
  Firenze, 
  1716. 
  — 
  Tommaso 
  Buonaventuri, 
  "Belazionedelledevozioniedoperedipietachesi 
  

   son 
  fatte 
  nelT 
  anno 
  1716 
  per 
  ottenere 
  da 
  Dio 
  la 
  grazia 
  di 
  discacciare 
  le 
  cavallette 
  che 
  infestavano 
  le 
  Mar- 
  

   omme 
  di 
  Pisa, 
  di 
  Siena 
  e 
  di 
  Volterra. 
  Eirenze 
  1717.— 
  Francesco 
  Scufoni, 
  " 
  Osservazioni 
  intomo 
  alle 
  

   cavallette." 
  Bomae, 
  1718. 
  We 
  have 
  seen 
  only 
  the 
  titles 
  of 
  most 
  of 
  these 
  papers, 
  and 
  notice 
  them 
  simply 
  

   as 
  indications 
  of 
  a 
  more 
  destructive 
  invasion 
  than 
  generally 
  supposed 
  by 
  European 
  writers. 
  

  

  03 
  Keferstein.— 
  J. 
  L. 
  Frisch, 
  "Beschreibung 
  von 
  allerley 
  Insecten 
  in 
  Teutschland, 
  &c.,"T. 
  9, 
  p. 
  6 
  See, 
  

   also, 
  C. 
  H. 
  Eappolt, 
  "E 
  generali 
  contcmplatione, 
  &c." 
  Bellin, 
  1730, 
  and 
  A 
  non. 
  — 
  "Edict 
  wegen 
  Vertil- 
  

   gung 
  der 
  Heuschrecken 
  der 
  Sprengsel; 
  sub 
  dato 
  Berlin, 
  13 
  April, 
  24 
  Oct., 
  1731," 
  in 
  corpus, 
  const 
  itut. 
  

   Marchic, 
  1740, 
  v. 
  5, 
  pt. 
  3. 
  — 
  J. 
  F. 
  Wiedler, 
  "Narratio 
  de 
  erucarum 
  et 
  locustarum 
  quae 
  agros 
  Vittenburgae 
  

   vicinos 
  aliquot 
  abhinc 
  annis 
  vastarunt, 
  interitu," 
  Phil. 
  Trans. 
  1734, 
  v. 
  38, 
  p. 
  294. 
  

  

  "Fischer 
  Orthoptera 
  Europea," 
  292. 
  

  

  65 
  Keferstein, 
  Fischer, 
  I. 
  c. 
  — 
  Eitter— 
  Eathleff 
  Acridotheologie 
  in 
  preface. 
  —Koppen 
  115 
  — 
  Keunitz 
  'Art 
  

   Heuschrechen, 
  in 
  Ocon. 
  Encyc."— 
  Shaw 
  Genl. 
  Zool. 
  130.— 
  Phil. 
  Trans, 
  v. 
  46. 
  Gentleman's 
  Mag., 
  v. 
  18, 
  

   p. 
  362. 
  Also 
  the 
  various 
  articles 
  to 
  which 
  this 
  invasion 
  gave 
  origin, 
  too 
  numerous 
  to 
  be 
  mentioned 
  here. 
  

  

  66 
  Lucretiis. 
  

   57 
  Keferstein. 
  

  

  