﻿48 
  REPORT 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  ENTOMOLOGICAL 
  COMMISSION. 
  

  

  Northern 
  Africa 
  has 
  a 
  locust 
  history 
  reaching 
  back 
  to 
  the 
  days 
  of 
  the 
  

   Pharaohs 
  : 
  

  

  And 
  Moses 
  stretched 
  forth 
  his 
  rod 
  over 
  the 
  land 
  of 
  Egypt, 
  and 
  the 
  Lord 
  brought 
  

   an 
  east 
  wind 
  upon 
  the 
  land 
  all 
  that 
  day, 
  and 
  all 
  that 
  night 
  ; 
  and 
  when 
  it 
  was 
  morn- 
  

   ing, 
  the 
  east 
  wind 
  brought 
  the 
  locusts. 
  

  

  And 
  the 
  Lord 
  turned 
  a 
  mighty 
  strong 
  west 
  wind, 
  which 
  took 
  away 
  the 
  locusts 
  and 
  

   cast 
  them 
  into 
  the 
  Red 
  Sea. 
  100 
  

  

  The 
  fact 
  of 
  their 
  passing 
  over 
  the 
  Bed 
  Sea 
  from 
  one 
  side 
  to 
  the 
  other 
  > 
  

   or 
  rather 
  of 
  going 
  from 
  Arabia 
  into 
  Egypt 
  and 
  returning, 
  is 
  noted 
  by 
  

   modern 
  travelers. 
  

  

  The 
  statements 
  of 
  Paulus 
  and 
  Orosius, 
  101 
  Julius 
  Obsequens, 
  102 
  and 
  

   Eutropius, 
  in 
  reference 
  to 
  the 
  vast 
  hordes 
  of 
  locusts 
  cast 
  into 
  the 
  sea 
  

   on 
  the 
  coast 
  of 
  Oyrene 
  during 
  the 
  consulate 
  of 
  M. 
  P. 
  Hypsaenus 
  and 
  

   M. 
  F. 
  Flaccus, 
  and 
  producing 
  a 
  pestilence 
  that 
  destroyed 
  800,000 
  people,, 
  

   hosts 
  of 
  cattle, 
  fowl, 
  and 
  wild 
  beasts, 
  has 
  been 
  so 
  often 
  repeated 
  that 
  it 
  

   is 
  only 
  necessary 
  to 
  mention 
  it 
  here 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  add 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  scarcely 
  

   worthy 
  of 
  belief. 
  The 
  fact 
  of 
  the 
  locusts 
  being 
  cast 
  into 
  the 
  sea 
  is 
  valu- 
  

   able 
  as 
  adding 
  one 
  to 
  many 
  incidents 
  of 
  this 
  kind. 
  Leo 
  Africanus 
  103 
  

   speaks 
  of 
  immense 
  swarms 
  in 
  Northern 
  Africa, 
  especially 
  in 
  Mauritania* 
  

   Among 
  other 
  old 
  works 
  which 
  speak 
  of 
  locust 
  ravages 
  in 
  Northern 
  

   Africa 
  and 
  Abyssinia, 
  but 
  contain 
  little 
  that 
  is 
  of 
  any 
  value 
  in 
  the 
  

   present 
  discussion, 
  we 
  may 
  mention 
  the 
  following 
  : 
  Job 
  Ludolph 
  104 
  gives 
  

   an 
  account 
  of 
  locust 
  ravages 
  in 
  Abyssinia, 
  also 
  in 
  other 
  parts 
  of 
  Northern 
  

   Africa. 
  Joano 
  dos 
  Santos 
  105 
  describes 
  the 
  terrible 
  famine 
  brought 
  on 
  the 
  

   inhabitants 
  of 
  Eastern 
  Ethiopia 
  by 
  the 
  locust 
  ravages. 
  Frances 
  Alva- 
  

   rez 
  106 
  speaks 
  of 
  the 
  incredible 
  multitude 
  of 
  locusts 
  that 
  fall 
  upon 
  the 
  

   earth, 
  and 
  that 
  hide 
  the 
  sun 
  by 
  their 
  swarms. 
  Nicolaus 
  Olenardus 
  107 
  

   makes 
  mention 
  of 
  seeing 
  immense 
  swarms 
  at 
  Fezzan. 
  

  

  One 
  of 
  the 
  fullest 
  accounts 
  of 
  the 
  locusts 
  of 
  Northern 
  Africa 
  preced- 
  

   ing 
  the 
  later 
  investigations 
  of 
  the 
  French 
  naturalists 
  is 
  by 
  J. 
  G. 
  Jack- 
  

   son. 
  108 
  He 
  says 
  " 
  they 
  are 
  produced 
  from 
  some 
  unknown 
  physical 
  cause, 
  

   and 
  proceed 
  from 
  the 
  desert, 
  always 
  coming 
  from 
  the 
  South." 
  He 
  re- 
  

   marks 
  that 
  — 
  

  

  In 
  traveling 
  from 
  Mogodor 
  to 
  Tangier, 
  before 
  the 
  plague 
  in 
  1799, 
  the 
  country 
  was 
  

   covered 
  with 
  them. 
  A 
  singular 
  incident 
  then 
  occurred 
  at 
  El 
  Araiche. 
  The 
  whole 
  

   country, 
  from 
  the 
  confines 
  of 
  the 
  Sahara 
  to 
  that 
  place, 
  was 
  ravaged 
  by 
  them 
  ; 
  but 
  

   after 
  crossing 
  the 
  river 
  El 
  Kos, 
  they 
  were 
  not 
  to 
  be 
  seen, 
  though 
  there 
  was 
  nothing 
  to 
  

   prevent 
  them 
  from 
  flying 
  across 
  it 
  ; 
  moreover, 
  they 
  were 
  all 
  moving 
  that 
  way 
  — 
  that 
  is, 
  

   to 
  the 
  north 
  ; 
  but 
  when 
  they 
  reached 
  the 
  banks 
  of 
  the 
  river 
  they 
  proceeded 
  eastward, 
  

   so 
  that 
  the 
  gardens 
  and 
  fields 
  north 
  of 
  El 
  Araiche 
  were 
  full 
  of 
  vegetables, 
  fruits, 
  and 
  

   grain. 
  * 
  * 
  * 
  In 
  the 
  year 
  1799 
  these 
  destructive 
  insects 
  were 
  carried 
  away 
  into 
  the 
  

  

  io° 
  Exodus, 
  x, 
  13, 
  19. 
  

  

  "» 
  Contra 
  Paganos, 
  1. 
  5, 
  c. 
  11. 
  

  

  "«Cap. 
  30. 
  

  

  105 
  " 
  Geographical 
  Hist. 
  Africa," 
  Engl. 
  Transl., 
  349. 
  

  

  104 
  "History 
  of 
  Ethiopia." 
  Latin 
  Ed., 
  Bk. 
  1. 
  n. 
  xcvi, 
  13 
  and 
  Gents 
  transl., 
  p. 
  67. 
  

  

  i°6"Pinkerton's 
  Voyages," 
  vol. 
  16, 
  p. 
  717. 
  

  

  106 
  Itinerary 
  to 
  Ethiopia. 
  

  

  I07 
  Epist. 
  L. 
  1 
  p. 
  73, 
  quoted 
  hy 
  Ludolph, 
  Latin 
  Edn. 
  

  

  io8"Au 
  Account 
  of 
  Morocco, 
  <tc," 
  2d 
  edn., 
  p. 
  103, 
  &.c. 
  

  

  