﻿RANGE 
  OF 
  PACHYTYLUS 
  MIGRATORIUS. 
  63 
  

  

  the 
  middle 
  of 
  France, 
  and 
  A. 
  peregrinum 
  in 
  Algiers. 
  Bolivar, 
  who 
  is 
  

   certainly 
  well 
  informed 
  in 
  reference 
  to 
  the 
  Orthoptera 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  

   peninsula 
  asserts 
  102 
  that 
  no 
  data 
  exist 
  authorizing 
  him 
  to 
  affirm 
  the 
  

   presence 
  of 
  this 
  species 
  in 
  the 
  peninsula, 
  but 
  that 
  the 
  citations 
  doubtless 
  

   refer 
  to 
  P. 
  cincrascens. 
  He 
  does 
  not 
  admit 
  P. 
  migratorius 
  in 
  his 
  list- 
  

   For 
  these 
  reasons 
  and 
  others 
  which 
  might 
  be 
  adduced 
  we 
  conclude 
  that 
  

   the 
  starting 
  point 
  of 
  the 
  boundary 
  line 
  should 
  be 
  placed 
  much 
  farther 
  

   east 
  than 
  given 
  by 
  Koppen. 
  Just 
  where, 
  we 
  are 
  unable 
  to 
  decide 
  from 
  

   our 
  data, 
  but 
  it 
  should 
  not 
  include 
  Italy. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  a 
  significant 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  great 
  swarms 
  entering 
  Germany, 
  Poland, 
  

   Hungary, 
  and 
  even 
  Bulgaria, 
  as 
  will 
  be 
  seen 
  by 
  reference 
  to 
  the 
  preced- 
  

   ing 
  quotations, 
  are 
  always 
  from 
  the 
  east, 
  never 
  from 
  the 
  west 
  or 
  south. 
  

   As 
  is 
  evident 
  from 
  the 
  facts 
  presented 
  in 
  the 
  foregoing 
  review, 
  and 
  as 
  

   shown 
  by 
  our 
  observations 
  of 
  the 
  movements 
  of 
  0. 
  spretus, 
  locust-swarms 
  

   almost 
  universally 
  move 
  in 
  direct 
  lines 
  j 
  hence 
  it 
  is 
  fair 
  to 
  presume 
  that 
  

   the 
  swarms 
  which 
  have 
  swept 
  over 
  Central 
  Europe 
  for 
  the 
  past 
  thousand 
  

   years 
  from 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  the 
  Black 
  Sea 
  to 
  Poland, 
  Germany, 
  and 
  Aus- 
  

   tria 
  had 
  their 
  origin 
  in 
  some 
  productive 
  hive 
  in 
  the 
  East, 
  either 
  around 
  

   or 
  beyond 
  that 
  sea. 
  Nor 
  should 
  we 
  omit 
  the 
  important 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  

   swarms 
  which 
  can 
  be 
  identified 
  with 
  any 
  reasonable 
  probability 
  as 
  being 
  

   of 
  this 
  species 
  which 
  have 
  visited 
  Italy 
  or 
  France, 
  have 
  proceeded 
  from 
  

   Hungary, 
  or 
  some 
  point 
  in 
  that 
  direction. 
  

  

  That 
  this 
  species 
  is 
  found 
  in 
  Southern 
  Bussia, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  countries 
  

   east 
  of 
  the 
  Black 
  Sea 
  to 
  the 
  Irtish 
  and 
  the 
  Chinese 
  border, 
  is 
  a 
  fact 
  well 
  

   known. 
  How 
  far 
  east 
  along 
  this 
  latitude 
  it 
  extends 
  is 
  a 
  question 
  of 
  doubt 
  

   which 
  Koppen 
  fails 
  to 
  remove. 
  That 
  China 
  has 
  been 
  subject 
  to 
  locust 
  

   invasions 
  from 
  time 
  immemorial 
  is 
  shown 
  by 
  the 
  records 
  of 
  that 
  empire, 
  

   but 
  whether 
  this 
  species 
  is 
  the 
  one 
  committing 
  the 
  ravages 
  in 
  that 
  coun- 
  

   try 
  has 
  not, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  we 
  are 
  aware, 
  been 
  satisfactorily 
  determined. 
  

  

  That 
  this 
  species 
  should 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  India, 
  we 
  admit, 
  is 
  against 
  the 
  

   theory 
  we 
  are 
  here 
  advancing, 
  yet 
  the 
  evidence 
  to 
  this 
  effect 
  is 
  too 
  strong 
  

   to 
  be 
  disputed. 
  It 
  is 
  somewhat 
  strange 
  that 
  the 
  data 
  in 
  reference 
  to 
  

   the 
  Indian 
  locusts 
  are 
  so 
  meager, 
  when 
  we 
  take 
  into 
  consideration 
  the 
  

   fact 
  that 
  so 
  many 
  scientific 
  explorers 
  have 
  visited 
  that 
  country. 
  

  

  That 
  A. 
  peregrinum 
  is 
  the 
  chief 
  destructive 
  locust 
  of 
  that 
  section, 
  we 
  

   think 
  is 
  evident 
  from 
  the 
  facts 
  given 
  below, 
  but 
  that 
  P. 
  migratorius 
  is 
  

   also 
  found 
  there, 
  and 
  often 
  in 
  great 
  numbers, 
  must 
  be 
  admitted. 
  The 
  

   most 
  recent 
  authority 
  we 
  have 
  at 
  hand 
  on 
  this 
  point 
  is 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  papers 
  

   issued 
  by 
  the 
  revenue 
  department 
  of 
  the 
  Government 
  of 
  Madras 
  in 
  1878, 
  

   in 
  reference 
  to 
  the 
  locust 
  visitation 
  of 
  that 
  year, 
  which 
  appears 
  to 
  have 
  

   been 
  very 
  extensive. 
  

  

  We 
  think 
  it 
  pretty 
  evident 
  that 
  the 
  locusts 
  along 
  this 
  tropical 
  belt 
  are 
  

   chiefly 
  species 
  of 
  Acridium 
  — 
  A, 
  peregrinum 
  — 
  and 
  its 
  varieties, 
  or 
  closely 
  

   allied 
  congeners. 
  The 
  swarms 
  observed 
  by 
  Olivier 
  in 
  Central 
  Arabia, 
  

   Mesopotamia, 
  and 
  Persia, 
  consisted 
  of 
  this 
  species. 
  The 
  Gryllus 
  grega- 
  

  

  163 
  Synopsis 
  Ortop. 
  Esp. 
  y 
  Portug., 
  p. 
  14G. 
  

  

  