﻿88 
  EEPORT 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  ENTOMOLOGICAL 
  COMMISSION. 
  

  

  sarily 
  propel 
  themselves 
  by 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  their 
  wings, 
  and 
  this 
  can 
  only 
  be 
  

   done 
  with 
  the 
  head 
  in 
  the 
  direction 
  they 
  are 
  moving. 
  

  

  But 
  one 
  very 
  careful 
  observer 
  (A. 
  L. 
  Child) 
  whose 
  letter 
  is 
  quoted 
  

   hereafter 
  says 
  that 
  they 
  move 
  faster 
  than 
  the 
  wind. 
  How 
  this 
  can 
  be, 
  

   except 
  where 
  the 
  wind 
  is 
  light 
  and 
  they 
  are 
  moving 
  by 
  real 
  flight, 
  it 
  is 
  

   impossible 
  to 
  conceive, 
  at 
  least 
  it 
  is 
  impossible 
  if 
  they 
  move 
  backwards 
  

   as 
  heretofore 
  stated. 
  

  

  Koppen 
  183 
  says 
  that 
  during 
  flight 
  they 
  have 
  the 
  feet 
  drawn 
  up 
  under 
  

   the 
  thighs. 
  He 
  also 
  quotes 
  the 
  observation 
  of 
  his 
  father, 
  P. 
  Koppen, 
  184 
  

   that 
  — 
  

  

  The 
  locusts 
  came 
  over 
  the 
  sea, 
  having 
  come 
  without 
  doubt 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  land 
  of 
  the 
  

   Cossacks 
  of 
  the 
  Black 
  Sea, 
  from 
  north-northeast 
  to 
  south-southwest. 
  All, 
  as 
  dis- 
  

   tinctly 
  seen, 
  did 
  not 
  have 
  their 
  bodies 
  straight 
  in 
  the 
  direction 
  of 
  the 
  flight 
  held 
  ; 
  

   probably 
  necessitated 
  so 
  to 
  steer 
  themselves 
  in 
  their 
  flight 
  through 
  the 
  air. 
  

  

  Frauenfeld, 
  185 
  who 
  observed 
  an 
  immense 
  locust 
  flight 
  in 
  Manila, 
  says 
  

   that 
  — 
  

  

  Usually 
  they 
  fly 
  regularly 
  with 
  the 
  tibiae 
  drawn 
  up, 
  the 
  body 
  at 
  an 
  angle 
  of 
  40° 
  or 
  

   50° 
  to 
  the 
  direct 
  line 
  of 
  flight, 
  with 
  the 
  tip 
  of 
  the 
  left 
  wing 
  below. 
  

  

  Koppen, 
  from 
  whose 
  work 
  we 
  take 
  this 
  quotation, 
  adds 
  that 
  he 
  has 
  

   also 
  observed 
  this 
  sidewise 
  posture 
  of 
  the 
  locust 
  during 
  flight. 
  That 
  

   many 
  a 
  time 
  of 
  an 
  evening 
  when 
  circling 
  toward 
  the 
  north 
  or 
  south 
  he 
  

   had 
  observed 
  that 
  they 
  flew 
  sidewise, 
  with 
  the 
  head 
  toward 
  the 
  sun, 
  

   and 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  time 
  sweeping 
  with 
  the 
  wind, 
  which 
  was 
  blowing 
  out 
  of 
  

   the 
  west 
  j 
  in 
  their 
  fall 
  they 
  had 
  thus, 
  as 
  in 
  their 
  flight, 
  the 
  wind 
  on 
  the 
  side. 
  

  

  We 
  may 
  add 
  that 
  we 
  have 
  also 
  observed 
  this 
  sidewise 
  movement, 
  

   which 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  very 
  common 
  with 
  them, 
  and 
  is 
  probably 
  adopted 
  

   when 
  they 
  desire 
  to 
  vary 
  their 
  course 
  somewhat 
  from 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  wind. 
  

  

  Eussegger 
  186 
  remarks 
  that 
  what 
  struck 
  him 
  most 
  forcibly 
  was 
  that 
  

   the 
  locusts 
  when 
  about 
  to 
  alight 
  for 
  repose, 
  or 
  to 
  eat, 
  turned 
  round 
  with 
  

   their 
  heads 
  opposite 
  to 
  the 
  direction 
  of 
  flight, 
  and 
  that 
  this 
  was 
  so 
  con- 
  

   stantly 
  observed 
  that 
  he 
  concluded 
  it 
  was 
  a 
  characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  animal. 
  

  

  Lichtenstein 
  informed 
  Koppen 
  that 
  he 
  had 
  observed 
  in 
  Africa 
  great 
  

   locust 
  flights, 
  not 
  against 
  and 
  not 
  with 
  the 
  wind, 
  but, 
  as 
  might 
  be 
  said, 
  

   with 
  half 
  wind. 
  

  

  When 
  the 
  air 
  is 
  calm 
  and 
  warm 
  and 
  they 
  are 
  ready 
  to 
  move 
  they 
  will 
  

   be 
  seen 
  rising 
  in 
  the 
  air, 
  in 
  short 
  flights, 
  and 
  often 
  moving 
  aimlessly 
  in 
  

   circles. 
  They 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  seeking 
  a 
  current 
  of 
  air 
  to 
  bear 
  them 
  away. 
  

  

  The 
  following 
  statement 
  from 
  Colonel 
  Byers, 
  formerly 
  editor 
  of 
  the 
  

   Rocky 
  Mountain 
  News, 
  quoted 
  in 
  our 
  First 
  Eeport, 
  describes 
  very 
  vividly 
  

   their 
  mode 
  of 
  descending 
  : 
  

  

  Along 
  towards 
  noon 
  on 
  bright 
  warm 
  days 
  they 
  rise 
  by 
  circular 
  flights, 
  each 
  seeming 
  

   to 
  act 
  individually, 
  to 
  a 
  considerable 
  height, 
  and 
  thon 
  all 
  sail 
  away 
  with 
  tolerable 
  

   regularity, 
  in 
  one 
  general 
  direction. 
  If 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  wind, 
  many 
  of 
  them 
  continue 
  

  

  1,a 
  neuschrecken 
  in 
  Slid 
  Russland, 
  41. 
  

   "a 
  In 
  Bull, 
  do 
  Moscou, 
  1859, 
  ITI. 
  

  

  iH5 
  j) 
  er 
  Aufenthalt 
  auf 
  Manila 
  wiihrend 
  dor 
  Weltreiso 
  dor 
  k.-k. 
  Fregatte 
  Novara, 
  in 
  Verb, 
  der 
  k.-k. 
  ZooL 
  

   Bot. 
  Ges. 
  In 
  Wien, 
  xi, 
  1861, 
  275. 
  

   186 
  Roise 
  in 
  Egypten, 
  Nubia, 
  und 
  Ost-Sudan, 
  2 
  ter. 
  Tb. 
  242. 
  Koppen. 
  

  

  