﻿216 
  REPORT 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  ENTOMOLOGICAL 
  COMMISSION. 
  

  

  I 
  have 
  been 
  able 
  to 
  consult. 
  It 
  is 
  impossible 
  to 
  follow 
  Dufour's 
  account 
  308 
  

   of 
  the 
  termination 
  of 
  the 
  stomach 
  and 
  the 
  origin 
  of 
  the 
  intestine, 
  for 
  it 
  

   seems 
  to 
  me 
  not 
  only 
  incomplete 
  but 
  also 
  inaccurate. 
  

  

  I 
  have 
  already 
  referred 
  to 
  these 
  folds, 
  p 
  209, 
  as 
  the 
  valve 
  which 
  marks 
  

   the 
  termination 
  of 
  the 
  stomach. 
  They 
  are 
  indicated 
  in 
  Fig. 
  45 
  as 
  six 
  dark 
  

   spots, 
  round 
  in 
  front, 
  and 
  lying 
  at 
  the 
  anterior 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  ileum, 
  II., 
  so 
  

   as 
  to 
  form 
  a 
  ring 
  around 
  the 
  interior 
  of 
  the 
  intestine. 
  If 
  this 
  part 
  of 
  

   the 
  digestive 
  tract 
  be 
  opened, 
  spread 
  out, 
  colored, 
  and 
  mounted, 
  it 
  will 
  

   appear 
  as 
  represented 
  in 
  Fig. 
  46. 
  In 
  front 
  lies 
  the 
  stomach, 
  ven., 
  from 
  

   which 
  the 
  epithelial 
  lining 
  has 
  been 
  removed, 
  and 
  which 
  can 
  therefore 
  

   be 
  readily 
  recognized 
  by 
  the 
  network 
  of 
  connective 
  tissue 
  before 
  de- 
  

   scribed 
  and 
  the 
  isolated, 
  longitudinal, 
  muscular 
  bundles. 
  Behind 
  the 
  

   protuberances 
  comes 
  the 
  ileum, 
  II., 
  which 
  is 
  traversed 
  by 
  six 
  broad 
  and 
  

   low 
  longitudinal 
  folds, 
  three 
  of 
  which 
  appear 
  in 
  the 
  figure. 
  On 
  the 
  line 
  

   between 
  the 
  ileum 
  and 
  the 
  ventricle 
  lie 
  the 
  strongly 
  pigmented 
  gastro- 
  

   ileal 
  folds. 
  They 
  are 
  twelve 
  in 
  number, 
  and 
  all 
  alike. 
  Their 
  shape 
  is 
  

   best 
  indicated 
  by 
  the 
  figure. 
  They 
  are 
  rounded 
  off 
  in 
  front, 
  where 
  they 
  

   are 
  broadest 
  and 
  stand 
  up 
  highest 
  ; 
  they 
  narrow 
  down 
  backwards 
  ; 
  the 
  

   pigment 
  disappears, 
  and 
  they 
  gradually 
  fade 
  out 
  into 
  the 
  ileal 
  folds 
  ; 
  

   directly 
  underneath 
  them, 
  and 
  just 
  at 
  the 
  posterior 
  termination 
  of 
  the 
  

   ventricle, 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  strong 
  band 
  o£ 
  circular 
  striated 
  muscular 
  fibers 
  

   0.14 
  mm 
  wide. 
  

  

  These 
  folds 
  are 
  found 
  in 
  C. 
  femur-rubrum, 
  C. 
  spretus, 
  and 
  (Edipoda 
  

   sordida, 
  and 
  probably 
  in 
  all 
  grasshoppers. 
  I 
  have 
  made 
  sections 
  of 
  

   them 
  from 
  (Edipoda, 
  Figs. 
  49, 
  43, 
  and 
  44. 
  Fig. 
  49 
  shows 
  the 
  general 
  

   arrangement 
  of 
  the 
  folds 
  ; 
  there 
  are 
  twelve 
  of 
  them, 
  all 
  pedunculated 
  

   with 
  broad 
  tops 
  and 
  thick 
  stems. 
  They 
  are 
  covered 
  with 
  an 
  epithelium, 
  

   the 
  cells 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  smaller 
  and 
  for 
  the 
  most 
  part 
  not 
  pigmented 
  be- 
  

   tween 
  the 
  folds, 
  and 
  larger 
  with 
  a 
  .great 
  deal 
  of 
  pigment 
  on 
  the 
  folds, 
  as 
  

   also 
  appears 
  in 
  Fig. 
  45. 
  The 
  muscular 
  coat, 
  miic, 
  is 
  very 
  powerful; 
  and 
  

   of 
  even 
  thickness 
  throughout. 
  Between 
  it 
  and 
  the 
  epithelium 
  there 
  is 
  

   a 
  well-developed 
  tunic 
  of 
  connective 
  tissue. 
  Examined 
  with 
  a 
  higher 
  

   power 
  it 
  is 
  seen, 
  Fig. 
  44, 
  that 
  the 
  epithelial 
  cells 
  are 
  large, 
  with 
  an 
  oval 
  

   nucleus 
  in 
  the 
  lower 
  half 
  of 
  each 
  cell. 
  The 
  cells 
  in 
  the 
  valleys 
  are 
  not 
  

   so 
  high 
  as 
  on 
  the 
  folds, 
  though 
  the 
  nuclei 
  are 
  not 
  any 
  smaller. 
  The 
  epi- 
  

   thelium 
  is 
  covered 
  by 
  a 
  thin 
  cuticula, 
  which 
  is 
  armed 
  on 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  

   the 
  folds 
  with 
  minute 
  conical 
  spines, 
  Fig. 
  44, 
  cu., 
  which 
  are 
  generally, 
  

   but 
  not 
  always, 
  wanting 
  between 
  the 
  folds 
  ; 
  the 
  spines 
  are 
  sharp-pointed 
  

   and 
  inclined 
  backwards. 
  The 
  connective 
  tissue 
  is 
  fibrous, 
  and 
  contains 
  

   a 
  good 
  many 
  small, 
  granular, 
  oval 
  nuclei. 
  The 
  layer 
  of 
  circular 
  muscles 
  

   is 
  composed 
  of 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  parallel 
  layers 
  of 
  bundles. 
  I 
  think 
  there 
  

   are 
  some 
  few 
  longitudinal 
  fibres 
  between 
  the 
  muscular 
  coat 
  and 
  con- 
  

   nective 
  tunic. 
  

  

  Returning 
  now 
  to 
  the 
  epithelium, 
  we 
  find 
  cells 
  in 
  all 
  stages 
  of 
  pig- 
  

   mentation. 
  The 
  pigment 
  is 
  in 
  fine 
  granules 
  of 
  various 
  sizes; 
  they 
  first 
  

  

  808 
  Dufour, 
  Sur 
  lcs 
  Orthoptics, 
  1. 
  c, 
  p. 
  314. 
  , 
  

  

  