﻿LOCUST 
  RAVAGES 
  IN 
  CALIFORNIA. 
  245 
  

  

  carina 
  usually 
  obsolete 
  behind, 
  more 
  distinct 
  in 
  front 
  where 
  it 
  extends 
  to 
  the 
  trans- 
  

   verse 
  incision 
  in 
  the 
  posterior 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  median 
  fovoola 
  of 
  the 
  vertex. 
  Vertex 
  in 
  

   front 
  of 
  the 
  eyes 
  deflexed 
  at 
  about 
  an 
  angle 
  of 
  25° 
  from 
  horizontal 
  ; 
  margins 
  raised 
  

   forming 
  an 
  ovate 
  median 
  foveola 
  which 
  is 
  narrowed 
  and 
  closed 
  in 
  front 
  ; 
  there 
  is 
  

   usually 
  a 
  slight 
  but 
  distinct 
  linear 
  transverse 
  depression 
  across 
  the 
  posterior 
  part 
  of 
  

   this 
  foveola 
  opposite 
  the 
  upper 
  canthus 
  of 
  the 
  eyes 
  ; 
  there 
  is 
  also 
  occasionally 
  visible 
  

   a 
  very 
  minute 
  median 
  carina, 
  but 
  this 
  has 
  been 
  observed 
  only 
  in 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  Califor- 
  

   nia 
  specimens, 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  lateral 
  margins 
  are 
  rather 
  less 
  elevated 
  than 
  in 
  the 
  speci- 
  

   mens 
  obtained 
  elsewhere 
  ; 
  lateral 
  foveola 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  distinct, 
  triangular, 
  the 
  sharpest 
  

   angle 
  forward, 
  base 
  pressed 
  closely 
  against 
  the 
  eye. 
  Frontal 
  costa 
  rather 
  broad, 
  nar- 
  

   rowed, 
  prominent 
  and 
  punctate 
  above, 
  widened 
  and 
  slightly 
  depressed 
  at 
  the 
  ocellus, 
  

   slightly 
  narrowed 
  and 
  soon 
  fading 
  out 
  below 
  the 
  ocellus, 
  not 
  reaching 
  the 
  clypous 
  ; 
  it 
  

   is 
  rather 
  more 
  than 
  usually 
  broad 
  at 
  the 
  ocellus 
  and 
  not 
  sulcate 
  above 
  or 
  below 
  it. 
  

  

  Antennae 
  scarcely 
  reaching 
  beyond 
  the 
  tip 
  of 
  the 
  pronotum, 
  rather 
  slender, 
  some- 
  

   what 
  flattened 
  and 
  very 
  slightly 
  enlarged 
  toward 
  the 
  apex. 
  Eyes 
  rather 
  small, 
  not 
  

   prominent 
  ; 
  posterior 
  margin 
  semicircular, 
  less 
  convex 
  in 
  front. 
  Pronotum 
  short, 
  the 
  

   greatest 
  length 
  about 
  equal 
  to 
  the 
  depth 
  ; 
  the 
  constriction, 
  which 
  is 
  slight, 
  very 
  near 
  

   the 
  front, 
  expanding 
  posteriorly 
  ; 
  tbe 
  median 
  and 
  lateral 
  carinas 
  distinct, 
  extending 
  

   the 
  whole 
  length 
  ; 
  the 
  median 
  subcristate, 
  straight 
  on 
  top, 
  or 
  very 
  nearly 
  so, 
  usually 
  

   distinctly, 
  but 
  sharply, 
  severed 
  in 
  advance 
  of 
  the 
  middle 
  by 
  the 
  posterior 
  sulcus 
  ; 
  the 
  

   lateral 
  carinas 
  are 
  sharply 
  defined, 
  but 
  less 
  prominent 
  than 
  the 
  median, 
  parallel 
  on 
  

   the 
  front 
  lobe, 
  but 
  diverging 
  from 
  thence 
  to 
  the 
  posterior 
  margin. 
  These 
  (lateral 
  

   carinas) 
  are 
  usually 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  distinctly 
  severed 
  by 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  transverse 
  impressed 
  

   lines, 
  but 
  vary 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  one, 
  sometimes 
  by 
  the 
  first, 
  sometimes 
  by 
  the 
  second, 
  some- 
  

   times 
  by 
  the 
  third, 
  and 
  occasionally 
  by 
  two 
  of 
  them. 
  The 
  dorsum 
  is 
  flat 
  and 
  not 
  

   granulated 
  or 
  rugose 
  ; 
  the 
  anterior 
  margin 
  very 
  obtusely 
  angled 
  ; 
  posterior 
  margin 
  

   forming 
  an 
  angle 
  a 
  little 
  larger 
  than 
  a 
  right 
  angle, 
  rounded 
  at 
  the 
  extreme 
  tip 
  ; 
  pos- 
  

   terior 
  lateral 
  angle 
  about 
  a 
  right 
  angle. 
  Elytra 
  rather 
  narrow, 
  furnished 
  with 
  a 
  dis- 
  

   tinct 
  intercalate 
  vein 
  ; 
  basal 
  half 
  opaque, 
  apical 
  half, 
  or 
  at 
  least 
  the 
  apical 
  third, 
  

   nearly 
  transparent, 
  extending 
  slightly 
  — 
  from 
  one-tenth 
  to 
  one-fifth 
  their 
  length 
  — 
  be- 
  

   yond 
  the 
  tip 
  of 
  the 
  abdomen. 
  

  

  The 
  wings 
  rather 
  less 
  than 
  medium 
  width, 
  very 
  thin 
  and 
  delicate, 
  resembling 
  very 
  

   closely 
  the 
  wings 
  of 
  C. 
  spretus, 
  but 
  more 
  delicate 
  and 
  transparent 
  ; 
  the 
  width 
  of 
  the 
  

   subcostal 
  area 
  is 
  marked 
  on 
  the 
  external 
  (^apical) 
  margin 
  by 
  a 
  distinct 
  notch. 
  

  

  Abdomen 
  in 
  both 
  sexes 
  very 
  distinctly 
  carinated 
  above. 
  In 
  the 
  female 
  the 
  cerci, 
  

   as 
  usual, 
  very 
  small, 
  the 
  valves 
  of 
  the 
  ovipositor 
  are 
  quite 
  slender 
  and 
  very 
  sharp. 
  

   In 
  the 
  male 
  the 
  cerci 
  are 
  rather 
  longer 
  than 
  usual 
  in 
  (Edipodini, 
  cylindrical, 
  slightly 
  

   tapering, 
  the 
  tip 
  of 
  the 
  abdomen 
  usually 
  curved 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  upward, 
  the 
  subanal 
  

   plate 
  curving 
  upward 
  strongly, 
  somewhat 
  prolonged, 
  tapering, 
  and 
  broadly 
  subtrun- 
  

   cate 
  at 
  the 
  tip 
  ; 
  it 
  and 
  the 
  cerci 
  slightly 
  hairy. 
  

  

  Posterior 
  femora 
  rather 
  slender 
  for 
  the 
  group 
  to 
  which 
  the 
  species 
  belongs, 
  upper 
  

   carina 
  elevated, 
  entire, 
  and 
  very 
  thin 
  and 
  sharp; 
  in 
  the 
  females 
  they 
  scarcely 
  reach 
  

   the 
  tip 
  of 
  the 
  abdomen 
  — 
  the 
  same 
  thing 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  true 
  in 
  reference 
  to 
  the 
  males. 
  

   The 
  posterior 
  tibias 
  very 
  slightly 
  shorter 
  than 
  the 
  femora, 
  slender 
  ; 
  the 
  spurs 
  at 
  the 
  

   base 
  robust 
  ; 
  the 
  spines 
  rather 
  small, 
  usually 
  nine 
  or 
  ten 
  in 
  the 
  outer 
  and 
  ten 
  or 
  

   eleven 
  in 
  the 
  inner 
  row. 
  

  

  Color. 
  — 
  The 
  general 
  or 
  ground 
  color 
  of 
  the 
  California 
  specimens 
  is 
  considerably 
  

   lighter 
  than 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Rocky 
  Mountain 
  or 
  eastern 
  specimens 
  ; 
  if 
  a 
  number, 
  with 
  

   the 
  wings 
  closed, 
  are 
  placed 
  together 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  quite 
  distinct 
  dull 
  yellowish 
  shade 
  

   observed 
  ; 
  but 
  the 
  general 
  color 
  is 
  a 
  dull 
  (earthy) 
  brown, 
  varied 
  by 
  lighter 
  and 
  darker 
  

   shades, 
  the 
  dark 
  shade 
  increasing 
  toward 
  the 
  head, 
  being 
  a 
  decided 
  brown 
  on 
  the 
  

   head 
  and 
  pronotum 
  — 
  not 
  so 
  distinct 
  in 
  the 
  California 
  specimens. 
  The 
  cheeks 
  and 
  

   sides 
  of 
  the 
  posterior 
  lobe 
  of 
  the 
  pronotum 
  dull 
  yellow. 
  The 
  chief 
  characteristic 
  

   markings 
  are 
  to 
  be 
  found 
  on 
  the 
  elytra 
  ; 
  these 
  have 
  a 
  yellowish 
  ray 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  

   tinged 
  with 
  reddish 
  extending 
  along 
  the 
  inner 
  margin 
  from 
  the 
  base 
  to 
  where 
  it 
  fades 
  

  

  