36 
THE TANGANYIKA PROBLEM. 
to be an expression of one of those linear series of gigantic 
earth movements which have formed the Andes and the 
Rocky Mountains in America, the Alps and the Caucasus in 
Europe. Further, as is the case with most great mountain 
chains of this sort, the lofty heights that have been pro- 
duced along the axes of the folds, are in general not volcanic 
cones, or volcanoes in the ordinary sense of that term, but, 
at the same time, as is the case with the Alps and the 
Caucasus, the earth movements, the folding and the crump- 
ling of the globe’s crust, which appears to have brought 
these chains into existence, has also originated true 
volcanic activity in their vicinity, and thus matching the 
existence of the Auvergnes and the cones of the Puy de 
Dome in relation to the Alps and the Pyrenees, Etna, 
Vesuvius, and Stromboli, in relation to the Appenines ; so 
we find the Mfunbiro Mountains, Kilima-Njaro, Kenia, and 
innumerable smaller volcanoes, some active, some extinct, 
but always in their position more or less closely dogging 
the course of the Great African Range. The processes of 
elevation which find their maximum expression in the Alps 
and the Pyrenees have affected wide areas, especially to 
the north of these heights, and so also in Africa we find that 
the great tendency towards elevation along an axis running 
north and south through the continent has, in the same 
way, affected to a less degree an enormous area of the 
earth’s surface east and west of the range. This is 
evidenced by the rising of the coast line which can be seen 
to have occurred at innumerable places, both on the east and 
the west of the continent. It is very apparent for example 
at Mombasa, Zanzibar, Bagamoyo, Delagoa Bay, Shupanga, 
and near the eastern slopes of Mount Morambala, at all of 
which points there are to be found marine deposits of 
different ages now elevated above the sea level ; and 
