INDEX . 
309 
Sphaerium nyanzm, 131. 
,, stuhlmanni, 131. 
Sponges, spicules of, 321. 
,, of Tanganyika, description of, 
309, 310, 318, 323. 
Spongilla aspinosa, affinities of, 316, 317. 
,, lacustris, 317. 
,, moorei, affinities of, 309, 310, 
3 J 5> 321- 
,, tanganyikse, affinities of, 320, 
331- 
,, ,, , description of, 318. 
Stairs, explorations of, in Mountains of the 
Moon, 102. 
Stanley, explorations of, 79. 
Stanleya, 218. 
Stanley’s rush drains, 83. 
Stromboli in relation to the Apennines, 36. 
Strombus, 16. 
,, , affinities of, 270, 272, 274, 330. 
Structure of the African continent, 8. 
Struthiolaria, affinities of, 171. 
Stuhlmann, explorations and views of, 79, 
98, 102. 
Suess, opinions of, 6, 40, 79. 
Swamps, papyrus, near Kivu, 83. 
Synodontis afrofischeri, 130. 
,, citernii, 132. 
,, granulosus, 66. 
,, multipunctatus, description of, 
164. 
,, ornatipinnis, 125. 
,, schali, 132. 
,, zambeziensis, 124, 125. 
,, zanzibaricus, 132. 
Syrnolopsis, 218, 219. 
TAtNIOGLOSSA, AFFINITIES OF 
THE, 16, 201, 271. 
Tanganyicia, 218. 
,, , affinities of, 246, 248, 249, 
266, 273, 274. 
Tanganyika, aqueous deposits, old, near, 35. 
,, , ancestral type of the fauna of, 
344- 
,, , Arab traditions concerning its 
outflow, 90. 
Tanganyika characinidie, description of, 
154- 
,, , cichlid fishes in, 136. 
,, cichlidse, 329. 
,, connected formerly with the 
sea, 3. 
,, crabs, description of the, 280, 
286. 
,, Crustacea, 279. 
,, cyprinidre, description of, 1 54. 
,, , depth of. 48. 
,, , description of the valley of, 
80, 81. 
,, expeditions, date of the first, 
220. 
,, ,, geological obser- 
vations made 
on the 55, 327. 
,, ,, primary object of 
the, 79. 
,, ,, reasons for, 3. 
,, , fall in the level of, 90. 
,, , fauna of, 9, 133. 
,, ,, , age of the, 343. 
,, ,, , distinctive character 
of, 141. 
,, ,, , marine character of, 
141. 
» >> , type of, 73, 343, 344. 
,, , fishes of, 134, 135, 136, 152. 
,, ,, , description of the, 
154-216. 
,, , gastropods of, 141, 217. 
,, ,, , affinities of, 269. 
,, ,, , alimentary systems 
of, 267. 
,, ,, , ancestral characters 
of, 268, 277. 
,, , gneiss and schist on, 81. 
,, , halolimnic fauna of, 9, 150, 
218, 331. 
,, , halolimnic fauna, characters 
of, solve the Tanganyika 
problem, 331, 337. 
,, lamellibranchs, 72, 217. 
,, lepidosirenidre, 154. 
,, , level of, changes in, 90. 
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