BEYIEWS — THE COUBSE OF COLLEGIATE EDUCATION. 169 



"The arts," says Dr. Tappan, " comprised the Trivium and Quadrivium, whichin- 

 cluded together seven branches — Grammar, Logic, Rhetoric, Music, Arithmetic, 

 Geometry, and Astronomy. Philosophy was divided into three branches, and thence 

 called the three philosophies, namely, Theology, Law, and Medicine. A particular 

 university, however, cultivated frequently in an especial degree, only one of 

 these philosophies. 



According to the statutes of Oxford, ratified by Archbishop Laud, there were 

 four faculties in which the University frrnished education and granted degrees 

 — Arts, Theology, Civil Law, and Medicine. 



Four years attendance on the lectures of the first faculty was required to 

 qualify for the degree of Bachelor of Arts ; and seven years for the degree of 

 Master of Arts. 



To commeuee the course in the faculty of Theology, a mastership in Arts was 

 a pre-requisite. Seven years attendance on the lectures qualified for the degree 

 of Bachelor of Divinity, and four more years for the degree of Doctor, in the 

 faculty of Civil Law, a mastership in Arts was not a pre-requisite ; but the Mas- 

 ter obtained the Bachelor's degree in Law in three years, aud the Doctor's in sev- 

 en ; while the simple student was required to attend five years for the first, and 

 ten for the second. 



In Medicioe, a mastership in Arts was a pre-requisite; and three years attend- 

 ance on the lectures qualified for a Bachelor's degree in Medicine, and seven for 

 a Doctor's. 



Degrees were also granted in particular branches, as in Logic and Rhetoric- 

 In Music, a separate degree is given even at the present day. 



The branches embraced by the Arts were multiplied as knowledge advauced. 

 Hence, in the time of Laud, Greek, Natural Philosophy, Metaphysics, Moral 

 Philosophy, History, and Hebrew, are specified, in addition to the seven arts be- 

 fore mentioned." 



We have further to bear in remembrance, however, that in all 

 times anterior to the reformation, Arts, Civil Law, and Medicine, 

 were practically as ecclesiastical as theology. Roger Bacon wrote 

 his Opus Majus under a Franciscan's cowl, and when Sir Thomas 

 More, received from AYolsey the great seal which constituted him 

 Lord Chancellor, he was the first layman who had filled that high- 

 est legal office for upwards of a century and a half. Learning, there- 

 fore, in medieval times, however profound it might be in certain 

 special aspects, as in the metaphysics and dialectics of the Schoolmen, 

 was extremely simple in the compass of its themes, and readily adapt- 

 ed itself to the wants of the special and well-defined class, who alone 

 courted its honors and advantages. But the great religious revolu- 

 tion which closed that medieval era put an end to this convenient 

 classification, which had rendered the term chricus equivalent alike 

 to its modern form of clerk, or ecclesiastic, and that of Scholar,- — by 

 no means necessarily the modern equivalent of the other. Our mod- 

 ern lawyer, if he be not a proctor, confining himself to wills, divorces, 

 or clerical scandals and heresies, is as little of a monk as our modern 



