19<»1.] ANATOMY OF QBUIFOBM BIHnS. 1)4") 



the apoeentrie reduction occurs also in two diastataxic forms — 

 Aramus and Otis, 



Sarratus guperfieialis, Serratus profundus, Sterno-eoracoideus, 

 Swpra-coracoideus, Ooraco-brachialis externus, Ooraco-brachialis 



intermit, Brachial!* inferior, Sub-ooraco-scapularis, and Anconceus 

 are present in all : in most cases they do not present variations of 

 importance ; in some cases I have not materials to justify any 

 comment on the differences that I have noted. The portion of 

 the anconeus described by Garrod and others as the Eacpaiuor 

 Becundariorum presents in all what Garrod called the Ciconine 

 conditions : arising from a triangular ligament in the axilla, it is 

 inserted to several of the proximal secondary quills. It is feeblest 

 in Rhinochetus and in Eurypyga ; in the latter the tendon disappears 

 without actually reaching the secondaries, although at its origin 

 it has the strong Ciconine character found in the whole group. 



IUo-tibialis intemus seu sartorius. — In all the Gruiformes this 

 muscle is practically identical. It arises (text-tig. 79, IL.-TIB.I.) 

 from one or two vertebrae at the proximal end of the ilium, and from 

 the ilium itself with a varying extent from the anterior vertical edge 

 and from the fasciae over the ilio-trochanterici ; in most instances 

 (not in the Gruinae) it is united with the proximal border of the ilio- 

 tibialis and it is inserted to the fascial over the knee-capsule. 



Wo -tibialis. — This large muscle arises by aponeuroses from the 

 dorso-lateral edge of the ilium in front and behind the acetabulum, 

 and is inserted along with the femoro-tibialis to the knee-capsule 

 (text-tig. 79, TL.-TJIl.). An anterior, a median, and a post-ace- 

 tabular region may be distinguished in it. The post-aeelabular 

 portion, the most variable in birds generally, is very large and strong 

 in all the Gruiformes. The median portion is reduced to a tendinous 

 sheet except in Eurypyga, where, after the origin, it is fleshy. The 

 anterior portion is tendinous in Balearica, but is fleshy after the 

 origin in the others. The extent of its fusion with the deeper 

 muscles of the thigh varies irregularly, but in many, as in Psophia 

 (text-tig. 79, 1L.-T1B.), it is practically separate right down to the 

 knee. The special features of this muscle, the great development 

 of the post-acetabular portion, the reduction of the middle portion, 

 and the relative reduction of the anterior portion are common 

 properties of the group. 



Uio-troehanU rioipost* rior,anU rior,t tmedius. — These three muscles 

 appear in their maximum and typical developmenl in Psqphia. 

 '1 be dorsal or posterior muscle (glutaeussecundus) arises From nearly 

 all the pre-acetftbular pari of the ilium (text-fig. 7!'. TL.TR.P.). 

 It is much the largest ol the three and runs straight to its insertion, 

 rtrong Bhoii tendon, on the trochanteric surface of the femur. 

 The most central or anterior muscle (gluteus tertius) is next in 

 Bize; n arises (text-fig. 7'. ( . I L. -I'll.. I. ) from the anterior or ventral 

 edge of the pre-acetahular ilium, and its tendon of insertion is the 

 most distal of those on the trochanteric surface of the ilium. The 

 median muscle I glntssua quartos) is much smaller; it lies between 

 the others (text-fig. 79, //..-'/'//.. l/.) in its origin, course, mid insertion, 



