1901.] THE MUSCLES OF THE UHOULAXA. 677 



makes it necessary to define what is meant by the scalenus anticus, 

 or ventralis as we prefer to call it. If it is a scalene which passes 

 ventral to the subclavian artery, as in Man, there is no such 

 muscle among the Ungulates as far as we know. If, on the other 

 hand, it is a scalene which passes ventral to the brachial plexus, 

 the Ungulates have it often enough. It rises from the lower three 

 or four cervical transverse pi'ocesses and is inserted into the first 

 rib. It is present in the following animals : — Hippopotamus (1 ), 

 Pig (9, 11), Peccary (13, 14), Tragulus (20, 21), Camel (18), 

 Brocket (27), Giraffe (29, 30, 31), Ox (33), Sheep (38, 41, 43, 

 45), Goat (46), Antelope (49), Tapir (52, 54). Horse (56, 58, 60), 

 Hyrax (67, 68). 



In the Elephant we are unable to find any definite statement as 

 to whether the scalenus ventralis was present or absent, but the 

 foregoing list is a very representative one and, in the absence of 

 any definite statement that the muscle was absent in any animal, 

 justifies us in generalizing and saying that the Ungulates, as an 

 Order, are characterized by having a scalene muscle which is 

 inserted into the first rib dorsal to the subclavian artery and 

 ventral to the brachial plexus ; but whether this applies to the 

 Elephant or not must be left for future observation. 



Scalenus lonr/us et brevis. — These two muscles are both dorsal to 

 the brachial plexus, and they are so closely connected at their 

 anterior attachment that it is very difficult to say to how many 

 cervical transverse processes each is attached; nor does there Been) 

 any object in trying to do so, for in different specimens of the 

 same animal the attachments vary markedly, and this is the case 

 even when they are recorded by the same observer. The lower 

 attachment of the scalenus brevis is into the first rib, while the 

 longus usually lies ventral and near to it : it is inserted into a 

 variable number of anterior ribs on their outer surface. 



The upper attachment of the conjoined muscles is into a variable 

 nnmber of lower cervical vertebra 1 , occasionally even reaching the 

 atlas ; the strongest and most constant fasciculi are fastened to the 

 4th and 5th as a rule. 



The following are some records of the number of ribs into 

 which the scalenus longus is inserted : — Hippopotamus (1), ribs 1, 

 2. and 3 ; Pig (4, 7. 11 ), ribs L. 2, and 3 ; Pig (9), riba 3 and 4 ; 

 Peccary (13), ribs 1, 2, and 3; Peccary (14), ribs 1 , 2, 3, 4 ; 

 Camel (18), only r<i 1st rib; Chevrotain (2<>t. ribs 1, 2, and 3; 

 Cervus (25), only to 1st rib; Brocket (27), only to 1st rib: 

 Giraffe (2!), 30), riba 1 and 2: Ox (.'53), ribs 1,2. 3, and 4; 

 Sheep (38, 41, 43, 45), only to 1st rib; Goat (46), ribs 1, 2, 3. 

 and 4 •. Antelope (49), ribs 1,2. ami 3 (quite a small muscle); 



Tapir (52, 54). ribs 1 '.'. 2, and :! : Horse (50, r,x. i;n K ,, n ] v (() | v( 

 rib ; Ass (62). usually as in Horse, but occasionally reaches to the 

 2nd and 3rd ribs ; Hyrax (67), ribs 1. 2. and 3 ; Hyrax (68), ribs 



2. and 1 ; II v rax (71), ribs 3, 4, 5. and 6 ; FJephant (71). ribs 2. 



3, and 4. 



In tin- foregoing descriptions we fear that the posterior attach- 



