8 ME. E. T. WAisoy o^' THE HESPEEiiD^. [Jan. 17, 



assumed by the species when in a state of complete repose; and it 

 will be found that all those s])ecies which are known to rest with 

 their win.2;s expanded fall naturally into the PyrrhoijyyincB or Hes- 

 /leriina, and in no single instance into the Pamphilince, and only in 

 very few instances are species of these two subfamilies known to rest 

 with their wings raised over their backs. 



The only other character which has been found of importance is 

 the description of secondary male characters found on the upper 

 side of the fore wing, and this is limited in its value by there being 

 in many genera no secondary male cliaracters on the fore wing. How- 

 ever, the costal fold is never found except among the Hesperiince, and 

 the discal stigma of whatever form never except among the Peon- 

 philino' ; other male characters, such as tufts and patches of modified 

 scales on the underside of the fore wing, either side of the hind 

 wing, or on the legs, appear to be shared in common by both 

 Hesperiinre and ParnphiJincp. 



There is little doubt that when more is known of the earlier 

 stages of the family other characters will be found, but at present it 

 is quite impracticable to generalize from the few facts known. A 

 little has been done in this direction by Scudder in the ' Butterflies 

 of New England,' but only very few genera are referred to, and the 

 (;haracteristics there given as peculiar to the Hesperiince and Pam- 

 p/iilince do not seem to hold when applied to the few Old World 

 species of which it has been found practicable to examine the earlier 

 stages; no mention of these stages has therefore been made in the 

 present paper, pending fuller investigations. 



The terms used in the descriptions are as follows : — the antennte 

 are called " hooked " when the terminal portion of the club is bent 

 to less than a right angle with the remaining portion of the club, 

 and " sickle-shaped ' when the whole of the club is evenly curved 

 and not abruptly angled ; when the club is abru])tly angled but not 

 " hooked " it is spoken of as simply " bent." The palpi are termed 

 " porrect " when the third joint is extended horizontally in front of 

 the face in continuation of the axis of the body, "erect" when the 

 third joint is extended perpendicularly in front of the face at right 

 angles to the axis of the body — in tiiis case the third joint frequently 

 curves back over the vertex — and " suberect " when the third joint 

 of the palpi lies at less than a right angle with the axis of the body. 

 These terms are only used when the third joint is more or less con- 

 spicuous and its direction obvious ; hi the majority of genera the 

 third joint is very short and inconspicuous, and in describing these 

 no mention is made of its direction, which is in many cases ditficult 

 to definitely point out, and would render the diagnosis liable to 

 misconception. In comparing the lengtli of the cell witli the lengtli 

 of the costal margin, the latter is measured in a straight line from 

 the base of the wing to the apex, and the former from the base of 

 the wing to the upper angle of the cell. The length of the inner 

 margin is measured in a straight line from the base of the wing to 

 the outer angle, and the outer margin in a straight line from the 

 outer angle to the apex of the ^iag. The vpins are treated as 



