1893.] ME. E. T. WATSOX OX THE HESPEEIID^. 9 



arising at where they bifurcate from the main trunks : i, e. veins 1 

 and 12 of the fore wing, and 1 a and 1 b of the hind wing, are 

 treated as arising from the base of the wing ; veins 2 and 3 of both 

 wings as arising from tlieir bifurcation w^ith the median ; veins 7, 8, 

 9, 10, 11 of the fore wing and 7 and 8 of the hind wing as arising 

 from their bifurcation with the subcostal ; veins G and 4 of both 

 wings as arising at the points where they are met by the middle 

 and lower discocellulars respectively ; and, lastly, vein ,5 of both wings 

 as arising at the junction of the middle and lower discocellulars. 

 The median from the base of the wing; to the lower angle of the 

 cell is termed the "lower margin of the cell," and the subcostal 

 from the base of the wing to the upper angle of the cell the " upper 

 margin of the cell." 



In the generic keys to the several sections the more superficial 

 and readily recognizable characters have been constantly employed ; 

 the male secondary sexual characters, though used frequently, being 

 taken only where the same character is found throughout the whole 

 genus. 



It has been found iuipracticable to arrange the genera in their 

 natural order in the keys, so the genera of each section are numbered 

 in the order w^hich seems most natural, and the descriptions are 

 arranged to accord with these numbers. 



The following three subfamilies have been adopted in this arrange- 

 ment, detailed descriptions of which will be found in the text, while 

 they may be briefly compared as follows : — 



Pyrrhopygin.e. — This is a well-marked group of closely allied 

 genera confined entirely to the New World, which can be readily 

 recognized by the large blunt club to the antennae, which is a con- 

 stant character. The cell of the fore wing is also invariably very 

 long, being more than two-thirds the length of the costa. Vein 5 

 of the fore wing is usually nearer to 4 than to 6. When at rest 

 they extend all their wings horizontally. 



Hesperiin.e. — Tiiis group includes all species with a costal fold in 

 the male, all species in which vein 5 of the fore wing is nearer to 6 

 than to 4, and all species which rest with their wings extended hori- 

 zontallv. Some few species rest with their wings raised above the 

 back, but these are very few and can invariably be recognized by 

 the costal fold or some other character; also, in a considerable 

 number of genera in which the cell is more than two-tliirds the 

 length of the costa, vein .5 is usually slightly nearer to 4 than to G ; 

 this is occasioned by the u[)per angle of the cell being produced, and 

 the middle discocellular consequently elongated. These genera, 

 however, are readily recognized by the length of the cell, as in the 

 Pumphilina, where it is only in a very few wtdl-marked genera that 

 the cell exceeds two-thirds of the costa. 



The anteimte, almost without exception, end in a fine point, and 

 iti the few^ genera in which this is not the case the cell is invariably 

 short. 



PAMi'HiLiNiE. — Tins group includes all species with adiscal band 

 on the fore wing of the male, and all species in which vein 5 of the 



