1900.] SOFT ANATOMY OF THE MUSK-OX. 147 



found, but none on the anterior third of the central region. Their 

 diameter measures from lg to 2£ mm. Papillce circumvallatce are 

 placed in two irregular rows on either side of the tongue of Ovibos. 

 Their number is about 12-15. Ovis and Cajprct have the papilla? 

 filiformes on the anterior portion of the tongue similar to those in 

 Ovibos, and this is also the case with Capreolus, but in Bos they 

 are more narrow and pointed. In all four genera, mentioned for 

 comparison, a median region of the anterior portion of the tongue 

 is destitute of papillce fungi '.formes except at the tip. But, on the 

 other hand, Ba ngifer resembles Ovibos in having papillce fungiformes 

 scattered over the whole of the anterior portion of the tongue, 

 although less densely in the central region. The same is also the 

 case with Cervus elaphus and C. dama. Bangifer and Ovibos are also 

 alike in having the papillous covering extending about 1| cm. on 

 the lateral lower surface of the tongue. In Ovis and Capra a 

 similar arrangement of the papillae takes place, as it also does on 

 the sides (but not at the tip) of the Capreolus tongue. In Bos 

 the papillae do not extend far laterally or to the lower side of the 

 tongue. 



The papillae of the posterior portion of the tongue in the middle 

 are large and flattened in Ovis. The corresponding papillae of 

 Ovibos are comparatively less enlarged, and look more like scales 

 than tubercles. Iu Bos (and partly in Capra) these papilla? are 

 more conical and curved, especially anteriorly. The papillae of 

 Ovibos may thus be said to be in an intermediate stage of develop- 

 ment. The papillae of Capreolus are scale-like, with roundish tips, 

 resembling in their shape those of Ovibos, but those of Bangifer 

 are rather more pointed, and the anterior ones even conical. In 

 Bos only the hindmost ones are soft, the others all being more 

 or less horny. 



Capreolus and Bangifer are provided with papillce fungiformes only 

 on the sides of the posterior portion of the tongue, but in Bos, 

 Capra, and Ovis there are some scattered on the middle of the central 

 region as well, although not so many as in Ovibos. In Capreolus 

 and Bangifer more than half of the lateral surfaces of the posterior 

 portion of the tongue is covered by small papillce filiformes, thereby 

 agreeing with Ovibos. In Capra the same is the case anteriorly, 

 but in Ovis at least two-thirds of these parts are smooth. 



Papillce circumvallatce occur on each side in Ovis 18-24 (according 

 to Ellenberger & Miiller) in 4 rows, in Bos 10-17 in 2 rows, 

 in Capra 16-17 (12 according to Ellenberger & Miiller) in 2 rows, 

 in Capreolus 8-9 in 2 irregular rows \ and in Bangifer 7-11 in 

 2 irregular rows 2 . 



1 In Cervus elaphus and dama the number of pap. circumvallata is variable, 

 and thej- are disposed in two irregular rows. 



2 In Bronn's Klass. unci Ordn., Leche mentions that the number of pap. 

 circuinvallatse is " bei Camelidce seehs." The primary three on each side I have 

 found in Camelus bacfrianus to be the largest and best developed, but accessory 

 ones are also found, as in one instance two on each side close to the primary, 

 and two more on each side with a moro posterior and median position, 



10* 



