S3 



Human Longevity. 



1801, and gave an annual mortality of 1 in 44.8. The third 

 and^last census was made in 1821, and showed a mortality of 

 i to 58, The mortality then had decreased considerably 

 within 20 years. In France, the annual deaths were, in 1781, 

 1 in 29 ; in 1802, I in 30 ; in 1S23, 1 in 40. In the Pays de 

 Vaud, the mortality is 1 to 49 ; in Sweden and Holland, 1 to 

 48; in Russia, 1 to 41 ; in Austria, 1 to 28. Wherev-er re- 

 cords have been kept, we find that mortality has decreased 

 with civilization. Perhaps a few more persons reach extreme 

 old age among nations in a state of little cultivation ; but it 

 is certain that more children die, and the chance of life, in 

 general, is much less. In Geneva, records of mortality have 

 been kept since 1590, which show that a child born there has, 

 at present, five times greater expectation of life than one born 

 three centuries ago. A like improvement has taken place in 

 the salubrity of large towns. The annual mortality of Lon- 

 don, in 1700, was 1 in 25 ; in 1751, 1 in 21 ; in 1801, and the 

 4 years preceding, 1 in 35; in 1811, 1 in 38 ; and in 1821, 1 in 

 40; the value of life having thus doubled, in London, within 

 the last 80 years. In Paris, about the middle of the last cen- 

 tury, the mortality was 1 in 25 ; at present, it is about 1 in 

 32 ; and it has been calculated that, in the fourteenth cen- 

 tury, it was one in 16 or 17. The annual mortality in Berlin 

 has decreased during the last 50 or 60 years, from 1 in 28 to 

 1 in 34. The mortality in Manchester was, about the middle 

 of the last century, 1 in 25 ; in 1770, 1 in 28 : 40 years after- 

 wards, in 1811, the annual deaths were diminished to 1 in 44 ; 

 and, in 1821, they seem to have been still fewer. In the mid- 

 dle of the last century, the mortality of Vienna was 1 in 20 ; 

 it has not, however, improved in the same proportion as some 

 of the other European cities. According to recent calcula- 

 tion, it is, even now, 1 in 22j, or about twice the proportion 

 of Philadelphia, Manchester or Glasgow, The following is 

 the annual mortality of some of the chief cities in Europe 

 and this country : 



1 in 34 



1 in 32 

 1 in 31 

 1 in 29 

 1 in 28 

 1 ill 26 

 1 in 25 

 lin24 

 1 in 22 1-2 



Philadelphia, 



1 in 45.68 



Berlin, 



Glasgow, 



lin44 



Paris, Lyons, Barcelona 



Manchester, 



lin44 



and Strasburg, 



Geneva, 



1 in 43 



Nice and Palermo, 



Boston, 



1 in 41.26 



Madrid, 



London, 



lin40 



Naples, 



New York, 



1 in 37.83 



Brussels, 



St. Petersburg, 



1 in 38 



Rome, 



Charleston, 



1 in 36.50 



Amsterdam, 



Baltimore, 



1 in 35.44 



Vienna, 



Leghorn, 



lin35 





