Phrenology. 259 



skull, gives out branches to the cerebellum, and diffuses itself in 

 the forms of rays, through the whole mass of the cerebrum, or 

 rather composes it, leaving, however, in four places empty spaces 

 (the ventricles). The variety of functions is expressed by an 

 equally great variety in form and color. The organs of the brain 

 are double. The whole mass of brain may be divided into two 

 equal hemispheres, and singleness takes place only where those 

 organs are supposed to exist, which seem to be destined to unite 

 all the activities in a common consciousness: hence, if an organ in 

 one part is deficient, the other part may still be active; so that 

 the function belonging to them may still be performed; as one 

 kidney may be wanting without a total suppression of the secre- 

 tion of urine. Those organs which are found in all animals pro- 

 vided with a brain, (such as have the most immediate connexion 

 with the maintainance of the vital energy), are situated towards 

 the base of the skull; but, when the brain becomes nobler by the 

 addition of organs of more elevated faculties, these additional or- 

 gans are found towards the upper and outer parts of the skull. In 

 a similar way, the increase of some parts of the brain shows itself 

 by prominence beyond the others. The skull itself is in a pas- 

 sive state, that is, its form is determined, by the surface of the 

 brain, and does not press on the brain, if in a healthy or natural 

 condition; for the brain exists even in the foetus, before the for- 

 mation of the skull. It is then only surrounded by the hard mem- 

 brane called the dura mater, which has to form and to nourish the 

 skull. The bones of the skull consist, in adults, of two laminse, 

 between which hes a marrowy diploe. Nevertheless, the two la- 

 minae are every where parallel with each other, except at a few 

 points. Accurate and continued observation and comparison of 

 men, says the phrenologist, have shown that particular elevations 

 of the skull allow us to infer a great developement of the disposi- 

 tions or faculties belonging to the organs under these protuberan- 

 ces, but that, where all the functions are developed harmoniously 

 (as in Wieland's head), the skull forms no abrupt elevations, but 

 an even arch. The observation of men in different situations, and 

 with pecuhar dispositions and faculties, and of the skulls of such 

 individuals, anatomico-physiological investigations of the brain, 

 and particularly comparative anatomy, with particular reference 

 to the disposition or faculty by which particular animals are dis- 

 tinguished, and to the peculiar character of their skulls; patholog- 

 ical observations of persons suffering in the brain or the mind, as 

 of cretins, idiots, insane persons, or persons whose brains have 

 been injured by external violence, experiments with animals (not 

 unfrequently cruel ones), by wounding or destroying certain parts 



