25 



is still more sviited to confirm the determination of the foregoins; specijuens. 

 Its crown is narrow. 45 to 55 raillim.. wliilst the tootli is 1G5 mm long and has 

 14 plates of the same nearly oblong form with a marked, though not very large 

 dilatation in the middle. 



4) If the la^t mentioned specimen belongs already to the Tokio-jilain, the 

 fourth one has been found in the metropolis itself near Yeddonbashi, in the 

 diggings made for the construction of the post-office situated in the neighbour- 

 hood of this bridge. It is a right upj)er first true molar, not very large, 183 

 millim. long, 55 broad (crowns measuring up to 50, but mostly not more than 

 40 mm), and has a triangular shape in the profile-view, the higliest part reaching 

 140 millim. The numVier of plates is 1 1, with 2 talons (the posterior of whicli is 

 more distinctly visible than the anterior one) ; the enamel isoften and deeply jilaited. 



Altogether, these 4 specimens leave no doubt whatever abo'it their belong- 

 ing to the true Elephas antii|uus Falconer, a species formerly confounded with 

 the mammoth, but separated from it for sufficient reasons. 



This was chiefly done by Falconer in an essay published after his death, 

 1865, which is mostly referred to by A. Leith Adams in a paj>er published b}' the 

 Paleontological Society of London, 1877. 



These Proboscidetin remains show, I dare say, to a certainty, that during 

 the diluvial age there were Elephants in Japan which belong to palajarctic 

 (juaternary forms. 



They seem to have lieen rather abundantly spread at least in the central 

 part of the main-island, but they do not show close relationship with the Siberian 

 elephants, as they do not belong to truly boreal fornis indicating a very cold 

 climate. Elephas antiquus, though found in localities not fiir distant from the 

 areji of the mammoth (e. g. in Thuringia) and sometimes even within its area lin 

 England), has not been found in any truly glacial deposit. Still less this is the 

 case with Eleyihas meridionalis. 



The elephants of the diluvial deposits of Japan form, after all, a valuable 

 link Ijetween the tertiary and recent faunae, and confirm what is said in the first 

 chapter about the close resemblance of the western and eastern part of the 

 palaearctic region. 



As to the relations to American elephants, the Elephas umericanus miglit 

 be compared, which also belongs to a warmer climate. It is at all event-s very 

 closely allied to Elephas antiquus ; but its enamel plates are a-ssertod to l>e less 

 crowded. As the di-^cussion about this object would lead us too far, I do not 

 enter it ; the less so, as we may quite safely refer all the Jajianese specimens to pahe- 

 arctic diluvial species, and moreover to such as la-long nearly to the .same latitudes. 



It ha« been already said that there is no sufficient resison for extending the 

 era of the Japanese Elej)hants lieyond the reach of the loirer diluvial «leposits, 

 to which the same species mostly, if not totally, are also confined in Euroi>e. 



