lagoons themselves a largo fresli-wnter luke, tlie Knsuniign-Um, is to be 

 mentioned, not more than about 8 feet above the level of the sea and, aa it 

 were, a ro|>etiti<(n of the laj^oonH in a SDiiiewhat hij^hcr level. The «ttlii-r ann«, 

 among which the Yedog-.iwa — a iiule eastwarl lr<>m Tokio, ami from the ann 

 which almost touches the capital, the Nakagawa — i« most important and is used 

 not only by common boats but also by steanil)oat«. In their lower part, thc«j 

 anns have branches coniinunicatini^ with the strejini which runs thron-^h Tokio, 

 tlie Suini<laj:piwa ; and also in its npper course this river R-nds tributary arms to 

 the system of the Tonegawa. The same river, called Anikawa in the upper juirt 

 of its course and running through the district of C'hichibu, divides, in its lower 

 j)art, Tokio itself I^Asjikusa I from the suburb of Miikojima. Together with the 

 western arms of the Tonejrawa, it forms a sort of delta which we luav call the 

 delta of Tokio. Of course, wo are to confine this name to tlie environ» of 

 Tokio, and cannot call delta the whole sjiace between the western an«! eastern 

 arms of the Touegawa, nor, as is obvious from what is said above, any part 

 of the region of the mouths of the esistern arms. It may Ijc a<lde<l, that 

 the other river-mouths in the Tokio-bay, among which that of Kawa-saki 

 lietween Tokio and Yokohama is the most important, have the same character 

 as the Tokio-dolta, whilst the river-iuouths as well of the eastern co;ist 

 Inirdering the open ocean, jus of the southern coast to the west of Yokohama are 

 more or less similar to that of the eastern arms of Touegawa. 



It may be added that, a.s a rule, the soil of the latter is sandy, sometimes 

 intenuixed with other minerals, among which magnetic iron sand may K* 

 mentioned, in the north of the north-ea«len» Touegawa arms, whilst in th<' 

 bay it is mostly clayish. In the first case, we may also notice that the blufl's 

 and cliffs, mostly fonned of sandstone or tufivoeous rocks, are nuuh oftener 

 projecting far into the sea, whilst in the luiy, we find such projecting rocks only 

 in the southern i>art. The interior or northern jwrt of the l«y generally 

 exhibits a broad margin of low, mostly clayish lands, the bluff line being 

 situated at some distance from the sea. 



As stated above, the jwirts of the ]ilain which are not cut deep by rivers or by 

 the waves of the sea are considerably higher, even in the closest vicinity of the 

 sea. We find the level of this higher plain, or plateau, about 28 metres aboru 

 the sea at Tokio, and nearly etjually high, nay even a little alxive 30 metres, at 

 Yokohama and its environs. The surface of the higher plain given by strata 

 which; near the surface, are always nearly horizontal, is more regidar than the 

 alluvial deposits themselves which not only follow the slope of the valleys but 

 are also dispose<l in a somewhat dilfercnt way in the siime cross-s<^«tion of the 

 valley. In such a cross-section the riverline itself may be grof>ve<l mther 

 deep into the other alluvial layers, and terrace« may often be seen which always 

 divide younger and older alluvial dejwsits, the youngest alluvial strata Iteing 

 always found in furrows cut deep into the older ones, exactly in the Sjune way, 

 !is the totality of the alluvial formations is cut into the diluvial, or even into 



