GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIB UTION OF B UBONIC PL A G UE 103 



of its inhabitants, fiut during tlie last quarter of this century the 

 disease disappeared from some of the principal countries of Europe. 

 According to Hirsch it disappeared from England in 1(579, from France 

 in 1668, from Holland about the same time, from Germany in 1683, 

 and from Spain in 1681. In Italy it continued to prevail to some 

 extent until the end of the centur3^ 



At the beginning of the eighteenth century the bubonic plague pre- 

 vailed in Constantinople and at various points along the Danube; 

 from here it extended in 1704 to Poland, and soon after to Silesia, 

 Lithuania, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries. The mortal- 

 it}^ in Stockholm was about 40,000. The disease also extended west- 

 Avard from Constantinople through Austria and Bohemia. 



In 1720 Marseilles suffered a severe epidemic, probably as a result 

 of the introduction of cases on a ship from Leghorn. The mortality 

 was estimated as being between 40,000 and 60,000. From Marseilles 

 as a center it spread through the province of Provence, but did not 

 invade other parts of France. In 1743 a severe outbreak, undoubt- 

 edly due to importation, occurred on the island of Sicily. A de- 

 structive but brief epidemic, which is estimated to have caused a 

 mortality of 300,000, occurred during the years 1770 and 1771 in 

 Moldavia, Wallachia, Transylvania, Hungary, and Poland. At the 

 same time the disease ])revailed in Russia, and in 1771 caused the 

 death of about one-fourth of the population of the city of jNIoscow. 



It would be tedious if I should attempt to give a full account of all 

 the minor epidemics during this and preceding centuries, and I must 

 now briefly review the history of the disease during the nineteenth 

 century, which happily has witnessed its complete extinction in 

 P^uropean countries. Early in the century (1802) bubonic plague ap- 

 peared at Constantinople and in Armenia. It had previously pre- 

 vailed in the Caucasus, from which province it extended into Russia. 

 In 1808 to 1813 it extended from Constantinople to Odessa, to Smyrna, 

 and to various localities in Transylvania. It also prevailed about 

 the same time in Bosnia and Dalmatia. In 1812 to 1814 it prevailed 

 in Egypt, and, as usual, was conveyed from there to European coun- 

 tries. Its last appearance in Italy was at the seaport Noja, on the 

 eastern coast of that country, in 1815. A limited epidemic occurred 

 in Greece in 1828 as a result of importation from Egypt. During the 

 same year it i)revailed extensively in Moldavia, Wallachia, ;ind 

 Bessarabia. In 1831 it again prevailed as an epidemic in Constanti- 

 no))le and in various parts of Roumelia, and again it apnearrd in 1);\1- 



