APPERCEPTION IN GEOGRAPHY 197 



The work of induction is further pursued by means of wall maps 

 and jiictures. The pilot charts recently distributed b}^ the U. S. Coast 

 and Geodetic Survey of "Washington have aided the study of coasts. 

 By means of these a comparison of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts 

 has been more definitel}' considered. This has been followed ]»y a 

 deduction of the facts affecting the conditions of life dependent upon 

 each. Such facts are again referred to in connection with coasts of 

 other continents. 



Geology. — The geologic map, number 14 of Longman's Atlas, is 

 introduced after an excursion to the beach at Coney Island. On 

 this trip we consider the aqueous deposit of the shore and the sur- 

 rounding topograph3\ On another excui'sion a cut in the road fur- 

 nishes ideas of glacial deposits, and stereo})ticon pictures afterward 

 supplement the results of direct observation. By means of the geo- 

 logic maj) the pupils are able to distinguish the varying formations 

 found in the Atlantic plain. The rocky coast of the north with its 

 phenomena is contrasted with the life and formations of the sandy 

 coasts. 



Other Continents. — A thorough acquaintance with home geography 

 paves the way for Avork u})on the continents. The idea of distance 

 is continually brought out in the map study. By means of the scale 

 of miles the extent and area of regions are measured. These ideas 

 are made clear by comparison with distances actually traveled. 

 Hirt's pictures, a German ])ublication, carefully prepared, show life 

 and customs in the geographic regions of the earth. By questioning 

 on these pictures tlie pu))ils are led to discover many facts. When 

 the text-book is i)resented at the end, to review the facts alread}^ 

 gained, the ])Upils read with interest. 



Opportunity for Invention. — The great flexibility of the atlas work 

 is apparent whenever an attempt is made to arrange the maj) lesson 

 to meet a different set of facts. Thus, in order to emphasize the de- 

 pendence of climate upon topography in the study of Eurasia, the 

 east and west trend of the highland area is noted and the climatic 

 maps used to discover why vegetation and density of po])ulation (Jiffer 

 from these in the same latitude of the western hemisphere. Here 

 the pupil finds a new factor influencing climate and conditions of 

 life. Again, special sections are compared by exercises that liring 

 together facts regarding their climate and life. The ideas of life on 

 the floodplain of the Po are gained from atlas ma])s and b}^ com])ar- 

 ison with the work of a previous year upon the flooded area of the 



