476 GEOGRAPHY AT THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION 



The Bradford meeting of 1900 formed no exception to the rule, 

 being one of the most successful in recent years, both from the pop- 

 ular and scientific standpoints. A large audience greeted the i)res- 

 ident of the section, Sir George S. Robertson, of Chitral fame, when 

 he rose to deliver his address on Political Geography and the Empire, 

 while still larger audiences thronged the hall when Mr C. E. Borch- 

 grevink gave his description of tlie British Antarctic ]Cx})edition of 

 1899-1900, the first expedition that ever wintered on land within the 

 Antarctic circle, and Captain H. H. P. Deasy described the incidents 

 of his great journey in central Asia. 



Of the miscellaneous papers, two, at least, had an interest extend- 

 ing far beyond the audiences to which the}' were primaril}' addressed. 

 The first place, from an American standpoint, should be given to Mr 

 G. G. Chisholm's paper on Some Consequences that may be antici- 

 pated from the Develojjment of the Resources of China by modern 

 Methods. 'I'he author pointed out that China is the only region in 

 the world with all tiie means for industrial development on a gigantic 

 scale that remains to be opened up. The countries that have been 

 opened up within the past thirt}' or forty years have none of them 

 possessed great resources for industrial development. Among the 

 important results that may be expected to follow the adjustment of 

 the i)resent disturbed conditions in China the author mentioned : 



1. A rise in prices in China, especialh' in the industrial regions. 



2. The creation of a demand for foodstuffs not likely to be supi)lied 

 b}' China itself, a demand which in itself will be one of the most 

 powerful causes contributing to maintain the rise in prices. 



o. The im})arting of a great stimulus to the food-producing regions 

 most favorably situated for meeting this demand, more ])articularl3'' 

 Manchuria, Siberia, and western North America, probably the Pacific 

 States of North America to a greater extent than Canada. 



4. Perhajis the most important of all, the creation of a tendenc}' to 

 a gradual but prolonged rise in the i)rice of wheat and other grains 

 all the world over, thus reversing the process that has been going on 

 since about 1870 in consequence of the successive opening up of new 

 countries. 



Another important ])aper, read .by Mr T. G. Rooper, one of Her 

 Majesty's inspectors of schools, dealt with the Progress of Geograph- 

 ical Instruction in Elementary Schools. The following, he said, were 

 the principal defects in the existing methods of instruction : (1) Les- 

 sons in geography were not based on object teaching, nor on the 



