BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 577 



swollen. These valleys of the lower slopes of the volcanoes of 

 Java present us with the grandest aspects of tropical vegetation in 

 the world. 



Pasuruan. — The southern portion of the district of Pasuruan 

 is formed by the barren rugged surface of mountainous lava 

 streams and ash deposits which abut on the south coast. This 

 part of the district is 'iwholly uninhabited, and against it the 

 southern seas dash from a deep ocean of which little is known, 

 because on this part there is no harbour or even anchorage for 

 vessels. Ten or eleven small streams about 6 miles long 

 come down from the heights of volcanic rock into the sea ; but 

 none of them are more than 8 or 10 miles in length. The names 

 of only three are known. This range of mountains is the water- 

 shed of this part of the island. On the north side of the range 

 which has its origin in the slopes of Semeru, the river Lesti takes 

 its course, its waters ultimately flowing into the Madiun, and so 

 on into the waters which form the great delta of Surabaya. 



Surabaya. — North of the platform created by Mounts Semeru, 

 Tengger, Kawi and Arjuno, the Javanese coast makes a sudden turn 

 to the northward and the island becomes much broader. Thus at 

 Probolingo its narrowest part, it is not more than 35 miles wide, 

 while 25 miles to the west of Surabaya it is nearly 100. The land 

 forming the noi'th coast-line west of Pasuruan which runs north 

 and south, is formed by the delta of the river Surabaya ; the 

 northern branch being called Kali Mas (golden river), and the 

 southern Kali Porong. There are other branches at Sidho-Arjo 

 and Gedangan. North of Surabaya the river enters into the 

 ocean at the narrowest part of the Straits of Madura, where in 

 fact it is little more than a mile wide. To the west of Surabaya 

 there is a deep bay and then the coast is again formed by the 

 delta of the river Solo which is the largest in Java. Thus the 

 land around the populous city of Surabaya is an immense alluvial 

 deposit brought down from the loose tufaceous slopes of the highest 

 mountains by two of the largest rivers which drain an immense 



