BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 585 



possibly indicating the narrow limits of the land ere the volcanic 

 outbursts commenced to modify it into its present form. The 

 subsidiary ranges spoken of in the centre of the island appear to 

 be entirely of volcanic origin. They are of small extent, and ai^e 

 pierced in one case by a large river. It is, however, to be borne 

 in mind that in general direction they correspond with the main 

 divide, which is the axial direction of the island, and of the 

 volcanic fissure extending thi'ough so many islands to the east- 

 ward before it finally turns to the north towards the Philippine 

 Islands. 



One remarkable feature connected with the volcanic disturbance 

 manifested in Java has been the part played by subsidence in the 

 formation of craters. All of the mountains on the eastern side 

 of the island have upon their summits craters of very large 

 dimensions. In the preceding pages many instances of this have 

 been given, so that it will be only necessary to mention Tengger, 

 which is by no means the largest. Dr. Horsfield has left us a 

 sensational description of this, which shows what it was in his 

 time. 



Bromo. — "This mountain," he says, "constitutes one of the 

 most remarkable volcanoes of the island. It rises from a very 

 large base by a gentle slope with gradually ascending ridges. 

 The summit, seen from a distance, is less conical tlian most of the 

 other principal volcanoes, varying in height at different points 

 from 7,000 to 8,000 feet. The crater is not at the summit but 

 more than 1000 feet below the highest point, and consists of a 

 large excavation of an irregularly circular form, surrounded on all 

 sides by a range of hills of different elevations. It is by far the 

 largest crater in tlie island, and probably exceeds in size every 

 other crater existing on the globe. It constitutes an immense 

 gulf, the bottom of which is level and denominated by the natives 

 the dasar (the floor). This is naked of vegetation, and covered 

 with sand throughout. lu one portion in the middle, the sand is 

 loose, and blown by the wind into slight ridges. To this the 

 natives give the name of iSagarawadi, literally " sea of sand." 



