BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON- WOODS. 601 



The smaller flowers carpet the earth still closer to the ground, 

 including Didymocarpus, Begonia, Selaginella, Caladium, Maranta, 

 with luxuriant mosses and lichens. 



Between six and seven thousand feet the forests cease, and 

 grasses, ferns and stunted trees are irregularly scattered over the 

 ash deposits. I remember being much struck at seeing groves of 

 Casuarinu littoralis on the road sides of Tengger at about 6,000 feet 

 of elevation ; but I think these trees must have been introduced ; 

 they are indigenous on the coast in many parts of the Indian 

 Archipelago, On this treeless region some alpine plants are 

 found such as Rhododendroyi, Vaccinium, and a pink piimi'ose 

 {^Primula imperialis), which was once exclusively confined to 

 Mount Papandayong, but is now found elsewhere as a result of 

 cultivation. The Ne2ienthes or pitcher plants are found in similar 

 localities. 



The Javanese flora has an advantage over that of most of 

 the Archipelago, in being nearly completely known. Horsfield, 

 Blume, Miquel, Grevelink, Filet, Teysmann, Binnendijk, Kurz, 

 Wallich, Jack and others have celebrated and described its beauties 

 and richness in costly publications, some richly illusti-ated. 



Zoology. — The natural history of Java is rich and peculiar. 

 The majority of its mammalia, which Wallace supposes to number 

 about 90 distinct kinds, are identical with those of Sumatra and 

 Borneo ; but Java has no tapir, elephant, Malay bear, or orang- 

 utan. The Javanese rhinoceros and hare are identical with 

 species found in Indo-China. Of 240 species of land-birds 40 

 are not known out of Java, while some of the common and 

 characteristic Indian birds, such as Indian magpies (Dendrocitta), 

 the green gaper (Calyptomend), the bearded roller (N'yctiornis), 

 the argus pheasant, the fire-backed ])heasant, and the crested 

 partridge are not known in the island. " On the other hand, 

 there are twelve Javan birds whose nearest allies (sometimes 

 the identical species) occur in the Indo-Chinese countries or the 

 Himalayas, while they are quite unknown in Sumatra and Borneo, 



