89 



n no. 2 [ç] : front of the tongue protruded, the point pas- 

 sive and lowered, the middle of the tongue raised, broad groove, 

 slightly s-like quahty, aspirated. 



Ex.: [qd"'ç-i-t]^ [çrt or ç-rt]- [a-çrt or crç.i.t]''^ [aluç-a -П]^ 



The [çj is formed differently from the European s- and s- 

 sounds (Eng. sh, French eh, German sch, etc.). The point of 

 the tongue rests passive against the back of the lower teeth, 

 and the middle (and back?) of the tongue is somewhat raised. 

 The groove stretches over a large portion of the surface of 

 the front part of the tongue. The sound is loosely articulated. 

 A chief characteristic of the articulation is the raising of the 

 middle of the tongue ; I think the sound can be said to be 

 slightly postpalatalized. This palatalization is, however, not like 

 the Russian one: there is no J-element to be heard at the 

 end of the consonant, but the preceding vowel is most often 

 influenced by it: [d^ç, ù^ç]. — The sound has a rather high 

 natural pitch because its place of articulation is so far front. 

 It is, however, very variable both with respect to the palataliza- 

 tion or the й -element and the natural pitch ; the s-quality 

 sometimes disappears when the articulation becomes tenser 

 under the influence of adjacent sounds (thus we get ß^: the 

 point of the tongue raised and stretched toward the lower 

 edge of the upper teeth) ; and the natural pitch is sometimes 

 lowered when the body of the tongue is drawn back by an 

 adjacent back sound. These variations may in large measure 

 occur indiscriminately in the same words and to a certain degree 

 seem to depend upon the speaker's individual peculiarities. 



s no. 3 {rs) : the blade of the tongue somewhat drawn back, 

 narrow groove, lower natural pitch, similar to the English and 



' several, maiiv * willow (salix) ^ iiiteij. of course! ■* a spoon '' summer 

 its front. 



