THE WATER RAM. 103 



alraai\y observed ; but the care that it would require to make 

 it so, wouhl occasion it to be too costly in some instances for 

 the purpose for which it is intended : there are circumstance?, 

 however, in which it would be worth while to purchase water 

 at this price. 



I recommend, thcrcicrc, to all who have falls or streams of 

 water at their disposal, tr.e power of which maybe employed 

 for raising \vatcr, cither for the supply of houses or manufac- 

 tories, or for irrigations, to cmplo}'- the ti:atcr ram. There arc 

 many situations in which it may be of the greatest utihty. 

 The great expence of other machines has in some measure 

 prevented on frequent occasions the use of water. Farmers Its use in hus- 

 liave never even thought of applying it in husbandry; but in °''^ ^^' 

 future they cannot avoid considering this operation as very 

 easy, and calculating the great advantages they may derive 

 from artificial irrigations. 



The construction of the water ram even enables them to Muddy water 

 raise turbid and mUddy water, which is so useful as manure ; ^^7 ^ raised 

 ancJ it requires but iiillc care to prevent such water from 

 doing the least harm to this machine. 



The following is the description of a water ram. Plate III. Description of 

 Fig. "2. represents it placed before a dam A, constructed so as ^"^^^ er ram. 

 to confine the stream of water, and oblige it to pass through a 

 "coae B, adapted to a long tunnel CD of iron or copper, con- 

 nected with the masonry of the dam, and placed on pieces of 

 wood which support it throughout its whole length. 



The depth of water above the cone Bis supposed to be fo«r 

 feet, and the length of the tunnel CD twenty-four feet. 



To tho extremity of the tunnel D sl piece of copper or 

 iron, which I call the head of the ram, is fitted. In this head 

 are two apertures; one, 0, which the valve G shuts by rising ; 

 another, I, which the valve K closes by falling. The motions 

 of these valves are guided by sockets through which the stems 

 or axes passing through their centres are made to pass. 



When the aperture is open, the water issuing from it is 

 dispersed on all sides. I is covered with a kind of bell, R, in 

 the side of which is a hole, with a pipe LU fitted to it, which 

 rises as high as the water is intended to be conveyed. 



The piece of wood on which this machine is placed reaches 

 under the head of the ram, and is fixed on a s^lid wall, which 



is 



