198 COLE. 



GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND MIGRATIONS. 



The Tinggian culture group has its stronghold in the subprovince of 

 Abra. To the north and west, it extends into Ilokos Sur and Norte as 

 far as Ivabittaoran (near Dingras). Manabo, to the south, on the Abra 

 Eiver, is the last pure Tinggian municipalit}' ; but Barit, Amtuagan, Ga- 

 yanian, and Luluno are Tinggian mixed with Igorot from Agawa and 

 Sagada. Villaviciosa is an Igorot settlement from Sagada and its vicin- 

 ity; but Bulilising (near A^illavieja) is strongly Tinggian. I am told 

 that Sigay in Amburayan is largely made up of Tinggian emigrants from 

 Abra, and that a few rancherias in Lepanto are also much influenced. In 

 Ilokos Sur, south of Vigan, the whole non-Christian population is com- 

 monly called Tinggian, and the pieople readily apply the name "Itneg" 

 (the name by which the Tinggians distinguish their own people) to 

 themselves. A careful survey, however, shows that very few true Ting- 

 gian towns exist in that section. A small number are of mixed Tinggian 

 and Igorot population, while the balance are Igorot, somewhat influenced. 

 I failed to iind any Tinggian towns south of Santa Lucia. North of this 

 point are Ballasio, Nagbnquel, Vandrell, Eizal, Mision, Mambog, and 

 Masinget. Towns of mixed population are Kadangla-an, Pila, Kolong- 

 buyan (Sapang), and Montero. The other villages are Igorot colonies 

 from Titipan, Sagada, and Fidilisan. 



Along the headwaters of the Saltan Eiver in Balbalasang, Talalan, 

 Sesekan, Patikian, and Salegseg, we find a people who in dress and looks 

 are much like the Tinggians, and they are generally so classed. These 

 people claim a common ancestry with those of Linas, Gakab, Malibkum, 

 and the Gobang group who originally came from Bolalay-yo (near Pa- 

 tikian). There has been considerable intermarriage with the Igorots, 

 and extensive migration into the Tinggian belt, but very little movement 

 from Abra to this section. The Gobang group (including the villages of 

 Bo-ok, Kapnay, Dewangen, and Kayabong), which is the least influenced 

 of any of this region, must, I believe, be classed with the Kalinga. It 

 seems, then, that here we are dealing with a population made up of 

 Tinggians, Igorots, and Kalingas, but that, with the exception of dress, 

 the Tinggian influence is insignificant. 



In the extreme northern end of the island, in the vicinity of Bangui 

 and Claveria, and again along the Apayao Eiver is a people who call 

 themselves "Ishneg," and who closely resemble in size, features, and 

 color the people of Abra. Commissioner Worcester first indicated his 

 belief that these peojsle were wild Tinggians. With a view of gathering 

 more data on this point, the writer visited these regions in the early 

 months of this year. The material from this section has not been care- 

 fully worked over ; but there is much to indicate that these people are of 

 common stock with the people of Abra. However, the separation must 

 have taken place at a remote period, before the Tinggian received the 



