THE TINGGIAN. 199 



highly developed ceremonial life which distinguishes him from his 

 neighbors. Because of the man)^ differences in customs, and the space 

 allowed this article, no attempt will be made to deal with the Apayao 

 branch at this time. 



It is difficult to secure reliable information concerning the Tinggians 

 in early and pre-Spanish times ; but all the tales of migrations tell of 

 movements from the coast country far back into the mountains, as the 

 j)ressure of the "Christians" was felt. In many cases there was a return 

 to the lower valleys from which these people are again being slowly 

 driven by their Ilokano neighbors. They have no tales of an earlier 

 home than Luzon; but the Apayaos have well-defined stories of having 

 come from the Babuyanes (to the north of Luzon) settling near Pam- 

 plona, Abulug, Nagilyan, and Aparri, and to have reached their present 

 home since the advent of the Spaniards. 



The migration into Abra from the vicinity of Sagada has already 

 been noted. A second, considerable movement took place from Balatok 

 to the Ikmin River Valle}', where the emigrants founded the towns of 

 Danok, Amti, and Doa-angan. Tue is a settlement direct from Bal- 

 balasang; and the towns lower on the Buklok Eiver have received many 

 additions from there, also from Gina-an and Lubuagan. All of the 

 villages on the headwaters of the Binongan have received emigrants from 

 the Kagayan side; while Agsimao and other towns of the Tineg group 

 are largely made up of Kalingas and Apayaos. There is an approximate 

 population of twenty thousand in the towns properly classed as Ting- 

 gian (Apayao excepted) . 



PHYSIQUE, DRESS AJSTD CUSTOMS. 



The center of the Tinggian belt is reached from Vigan, in Ilokos Sur, 

 by a trip on a raft which takes a day, or on horseback along the Abra 

 Eiver. From Bangued as a center, the settlements radiate in all direc- 

 tions. To the north and east, they extend two and three days' trips into 

 the mountains. A few of the larger municipalities are in the broad 

 valley of the Abra or its main tributaries, where with extensive fields 

 and domesticated animals the Tinggian has not only successfully com- 

 peted with his Ilokano neighbors, but has often surpassed them. In 

 the mountains, his efforts have been more restricted; but with his ter- 

 raced fields he has managed to bring much of the rugged country under 

 cultivation. Even the steep mountain sides, where irrigation is impos- 

 sible, are cleared, burned and planted to corn and mountain rice. 



The rivers contain quantities of small fish, eels, and shrimp, and many 

 are the devices employed for their capture. By nature the man is a 

 hunter ; and he is poor, indeed, who does not own one or more dogs for 

 use in the chase. In the leisure season, following the rice harvest, it is 

 a common sight to see ten or a dozen men with their spears, nets and 



