THE TINGGIAN. 205 



His wife, Agemem, who lives in tlie eartli is also powerful. Two sons 

 have resulted from this union, and they are quick to punish any dis- 

 obedience of their father's commands. Kaboneyan is the friend and 

 helper of the people. It was he who taught the Tinggians how to plant 

 and to harvest, how to overcome evil signs and to foil the designs of ill- 

 disposed spirits. His cave in the mountains contained the wonderful 

 tree on which grew the agate beads so prized by the women; in it lived 

 the jars which could talk and move; while from the same cave came all 

 the valuable gansas * which the people use. Nearly all the details of 

 ceremonies and celebrations were taught by this friendly spirit. Fur- 

 ther to bind himself to the people^, he married "in the first times" a 

 woman from Manabo. More than a hundred and fifty other spirits, 

 some good, some evil, are loiown by name and at some time or other 

 they visit the people through the mediums. 



In his waking hours the Tinggian does not fear many of the spirits. 

 He converses freely with them when they come to the ceremonies ; to 

 the friendly ones he shows the utmost respect; to the ill-disposed, he is 

 insolent, makes fun of them, or lies to and cheats them. At night his 

 attitude is changed. In the darkness he is no match for the unseen 

 beings and every door and window is tightly closed to keep them out. 

 If by chance he is compelled to sleef> on the mountain or in the open 

 he takes every precaution to ward ofE their evil machinations. Sobosob ^ 

 leaves should be his bed, for this plant is distasteful to the spirits ; 

 branches put at his head will avert an early death by jDreventing one of 

 them from expectorating on him as he sleeps. No work nor trip of 

 importance is pilanned without first observing the signs and even when 

 the undertaking has been begun an evil omen will cause a change or a 

 postijonement. Oiferings of food and drink are made at the beginning 

 and the completion of an important work, whether it be the planting and 

 harvesting of the rice, or the completion of a house or field. When 

 illness visits a member of the family, it is the work of an anito and the 

 medium is called. She prepares for the ceremony which she thinks is 

 needed and the spirits are summoned. Should she have erred in the 

 selection of the ceremony the proper one will be substituted. The 

 many spirit houses mentioned earlier in this article demand ceremonies 

 of varying lengihs, and are visited by many spirits. Balao-a, halangan, 

 tangpap, and often pala-an demand several days for their completion 

 and are visited by nearly all the spirits, including the most powerful. 



The spirit of a dead man is called Kalading. It may go at once to its 

 home Maglawa — somewhere in the sky — or it may remain nearby until 

 the body is buried. Often it stays close to the house to punish any 

 member of the family who leaves the town before the ten days taboo is 



' Gongs of copper. 



° Blumea balsamifera DC. 



