422 BEAN. 



ing of types. This meaning is obscured by constructing a curve with 

 1,000 individuals from the same population. 



Take for instance the height of about 150 negroes that I measured at the Johns 

 Hoplcins Hospital Dispensary in 1906. There is great irregularity in the curve, 

 whicli has seven summits, as may be seen in the small figure in the chart. Each 

 of the summits represents a group of negroes well recognized in the United States, 

 and known to exist in about the proportion and with the height given. Pygmies 

 are rare, Hottentots are not plentiful, and extremely tall negroes are seldom 

 found. The Guinea Coast negro, the Kaffir and the mulatto make up the bulk 

 of the negro population in America. With 1,000 or more individuals, the types 

 as represented by the height would be obscured and only an average negro height 

 would be the result. Topinard(62) classifies 48,282 negroes and mulattoes by 

 height and arrives at a single result, to wit: The average of the American is 

 the same as that of the African negroes, namely, 168.1 centimeters. This is a 

 not insignificiant result in itself, but it leaves much to be desired in the classifi- 

 cation of negro types. Much depends upon the selection of individuals, but in 

 a random sample with no selection there should be no spurious types. There 

 was no conscious selection of negroes or of Igorots, but every available individual 

 was measured. 



Three summits are evident in the curve of height for the female Igorots 

 as well as for the males. The summit for tall women (160 centimeters) 

 is considerably prolonged, while that for small ones is not. The inter- 

 pretation of the curve would be as follows : 



The large central portion represents the majority of the people, and this is 

 the most frequent type. The two extremes of the curve represent a small and 

 a tall people who have mixed with the others. The small people are few in number 

 and have had slight influence in altering the type, while the tall ones are in 

 greater numbers and have modified it considerably, causing the central part of 

 the curve to be flat-topped by increasing the number of individuals with height 

 above the mean. Reasoning from this premise we may conclude that the original 

 stocks of Igorots had a mean height of about 150 centimeters or less, which is 

 the same as that of the people of the inland part of the Malay Peninsula(26). 

 Martin's curve, however, shows three siunmits for both males and females, 

 and there is evidence of three peoples among his subjects, so one must 

 search back of this for the primitive stock. Whatever that may have been, 

 the influence of a tall people is evident, and this came at a remote time, when 

 the tall people were present in great numbers. Later came the influence of the 

 small people, which there is good reason to believe were the Negritos. The mean 

 height of 10 male Negritos of the Philippines according to A. B. Meyers is 144.5 

 centimeters, with extremes of 140.1 and 150.5 centimeters respectively (29) ; 

 Montano gives the mean height of 18 male Philippine Negritos as 148.5 centi- 

 meters; DenikerCli) presents 42 Aeta-Negritos with a mean height of 146.5; 

 Keane(21) gives the mean height 147.3; and Reed(47) states that of 48 mixed 

 Negritos to be 146.3 centimeters. The height of 4 adult male Igorots is 142 

 centimeters, and there are 32 below 150.5 centimeters. The height of 5 male 

 adults is nearly 170, and 60 per cent are above 150 centimeters. It is easy to 

 conceive that a few Negritos A\-ould become attached to the Igorots in their 

 progressive conquest of the mountains, but it is not so easy to believe that a 

 tall people has joined them in the Philippines to make up about one-third of their 

 number. Stray refugees or adventurers may have come to them from time to time 



