192 REPORT 



the hole to clog it. If a sharp center-punch be employed, the holes 

 ought to be punched from the outer surface. In this manner, each hole, 

 as approached upon the inner side, is upon an eminence where cloggiug 

 materials find unstable equilibrium, and they cannot well lodge except 

 between the holes. Though this may seem a small matter, very much 

 trouble arises from its not being observed. 



The spray should generally be made to spread rather broadly, and 

 can get its divergent or radiating form from the convexity of the face 

 from which it is discharged j but where the face is flat, as is sometimes 

 advisable or necessary, especially where the face is made reversible, the 

 divergence can be obtained by drilling a part or all of the hol6s in a 

 somewhat radiating direction. Also, where the water is squirted with 

 considerable force, a fine spray will be obtained, and with ample spread, 

 by boring the holes straight through a concave face, or else in such a 

 direction through any thick face that sets of two or more jets converge 

 to 2i focus, and there collide to dissipate each other into a finely atom- 

 ized condition. Using this principle, a well-dispersed spray of better 

 volume and quality can be produced from a smaller number of holes of 

 larger capacity, whereby they are less liable to choke. On this plan 

 the best many-punctured force-pump nozzles of the future will probably 

 be made. 



The rose sprinkler-heads of watering pots and nozzles are commonly 

 provided with no openings except the narrow- neck by which they join 

 upon the spout, and this does not admit the removal of foreign matters 

 which collect inside. The head should be made of easily separable 

 parts, to allow the interior face of the perforated side to be cleaned, as 

 will be seen in the patterns, some of which have the punctured face re- 

 versible. Squirting through the jierforations in an opposite direction 

 cleans them without injury, while punching through them with any hard 

 instrument is a slower process and sure to damage. 



It is advisable to strain the water before it is admitted to nozzles, of 

 whatever kind, by some of the devices shown in combination with the 

 various reservoirs for carr^^ing it and pumps for forcing it, as described 

 later in this report. There is always an advantage in strainers,, although 

 they add to the machine an increased number of holes to be clogged, 

 for, if fine enough, they soon clog j yet it may be used for a longer time 

 without stopping, and the damage to the fine perforations of the face 

 by punching dirt out of them should be avoided. The strainer should 

 be large, and does not have to be cleaned so often as would the nozzle 

 proper; still, where the gauze surface is exceedingly fine, or where the 

 fluid squirted is much laden with solid particles, the strainer may clog 

 very quickly. 



Eddy-roses. — All the many -punctured heads may be improved upon 

 by introducing the liquid in an eccentric manner, and parallel to a tan- 

 gent to the circumference, to cause it to whirl inside, and thereby make 

 less liability to clogging by keeping active any internal rubbish which 



