﻿50 
  

  

  LL. 
  LLOYD 
  — 
  FURTHER 
  NOTES 
  ON 
  THE 
  BIONOMICS 
  OF 
  

  

  are 
  given 
  the 
  percentages 
  of 
  pupae 
  to 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  female 
  flies 
  in 
  captivity 
  in 
  each 
  

   month. 
  In 
  spite 
  of 
  the 
  small 
  numbers 
  of 
  pupae 
  produced 
  at 
  any 
  time, 
  the 
  influence 
  

   of 
  the 
  temperature 
  is 
  very 
  apparent. 
  

  

  Table 
  II. 
  

  

  Showing 
  the 
  Influence 
  of 
  low 
  Temperature 
  on 
  the 
  Breeding 
  of 
  G. 
  morsitans, 
  

  

  

  Average 
  number 
  

  

  Number 
  of 
  

  

  Percentage 
  

  

  

  Month. 
  

  

  of 
  $ 
  flies 
  in 
  

  

  pupae 
  

  

  of 
  pupae 
  

  

  Temperature. 
  

  

  

  captivity. 
  

  

  produced. 
  

  

  to 
  $ 
  flies. 
  

  

  

  January 
  . 
  . 
  

  

  48 
  

  

  3 
  

  

  6-3 
  per 
  cent. 
  

  

  69° 
  F. 
  (approx.) 
  

  

  February 
  . 
  . 
  

  

  87 
  

  

  11 
  

  

  12-7 
  

  

  69° 
  

  

  March 
  

  

  109 
  

  

  31 
  

  

  24-5 
  „ 
  

  

  68° 
  

  

  April 
  

  

  154 
  

  

  22 
  

  

  14-3 
  

  

  69° 
  

  

  May 
  

  

  242 
  

  

  24 
  

  

  9-9 
  

  

  65° 
  

  

  June 
  

  

  416 
  

  

  19 
  

  

  46 
  „ 
  

  

  58° 
  

  

  July 
  

  

  424 
  

  

  19 
  

  

  4-5 
  

  

  58° 
  

  

  August 
  

  

  210 
  

  

  18 
  

  

  6-1 
  „ 
  

  

  64° 
  

  

  Pregnant 
  female 
  flies 
  are 
  not 
  often 
  caught 
  and 
  in 
  captivity 
  usually 
  abort 
  the 
  first 
  

   larva. 
  No 
  fly 
  produced 
  a 
  healthy 
  larva 
  till 
  after 
  15 
  days' 
  captivity. 
  This 
  would 
  

   account 
  for 
  the 
  low 
  percentages 
  in 
  January 
  and 
  February 
  compared 
  with 
  that 
  of 
  March. 
  

   A 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  the 
  flies 
  did 
  not 
  breed 
  at 
  all. 
  In 
  the 
  series 
  which 
  bred 
  most 
  freely 
  

   (No. 
  2, 
  on 
  goats' 
  blood) 
  the 
  breeding 
  was 
  confined 
  to 
  15 
  flies, 
  70 
  per 
  cent, 
  of 
  them 
  

   producing 
  no 
  larvae 
  or 
  only 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  abortions. 
  The 
  fly 
  does 
  not 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  at 
  

   all 
  amenable 
  to 
  captivity 
  in 
  this 
  district. 
  

  

  There 
  is 
  a 
  tendency 
  in 
  the 
  insect 
  to 
  overfeeding 
  in 
  captivity 
  and 
  this 
  is 
  difficult 
  

   to 
  control 
  when 
  several 
  require 
  food 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  bottle. 
  On 
  three 
  occasions 
  they 
  have 
  

   been 
  known 
  to 
  feed 
  till 
  an 
  internal 
  rupture 
  of 
  the 
  gut 
  was 
  caused. 
  In 
  two 
  of 
  these 
  

   instances 
  the 
  blood 
  donor 
  was 
  a 
  duck 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  third 
  a 
  fowl. 
  In 
  two 
  of 
  them 
  which 
  

   were 
  dissected 
  the 
  rupture 
  had 
  occurred 
  in 
  the 
  sucking 
  stomach. 
  The 
  result 
  of 
  such 
  

   a 
  rupture 
  is 
  that 
  the 
  blood 
  flows 
  throughout 
  the 
  haemocoel 
  and 
  the 
  whole 
  insect 
  

   takes 
  on 
  a 
  ruddy 
  tinge. 
  One 
  of 
  the 
  flies 
  lived 
  for 
  seven 
  days 
  in 
  this 
  condition 
  but 
  in 
  the 
  

   others 
  death 
  followed 
  the 
  rupture 
  at 
  once. 
  

  

  Of 
  the 
  19 
  series 
  used, 
  five 
  (400 
  $ 
  flies) 
  were 
  fed 
  on 
  goats, 
  four 
  (250 
  $ 
  flies) 
  on 
  monkeys, 
  

   five 
  (250 
  $ 
  flies) 
  on 
  fowls, 
  four 
  (250 
  5 
  flies) 
  on 
  ducks, 
  and 
  one 
  series 
  (52 
  $ 
  flies) 
  on 
  chame- 
  

   leons. 
  The 
  full 
  details 
  of 
  the 
  experiments 
  are 
  given 
  in 
  Table 
  III. 
  Goats 
  were 
  used 
  

   as 
  representatives 
  of 
  the 
  larger, 
  and 
  monkeys 
  as 
  smaller, 
  mammals. 
  Crocodiles 
  

   would 
  have 
  been 
  more 
  suitable 
  as 
  representatives 
  of 
  the 
  reptiles 
  than 
  the 
  chameleons 
  

   which 
  were 
  used, 
  but 
  none 
  could 
  be 
  procured. 
  The 
  flies 
  did 
  not 
  feed 
  well 
  upon 
  the 
  

   lizards. 
  This 
  was 
  not 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  lack 
  of 
  a 
  desire 
  to 
  feed, 
  but 
  to 
  the 
  difficulty 
  of 
  

   obtaining 
  the 
  blood, 
  a 
  fly 
  frequently 
  inserting 
  its 
  proboscis 
  into 
  several 
  different 
  parts 
  

   of 
  the 
  animal 
  and 
  finally 
  giving 
  up 
  in 
  despair. 
  Kather 
  more 
  than 
  50 
  per 
  cent, 
  of 
  the 
  

   77 
  flies 
  used 
  did 
  not 
  feed 
  at 
  all. 
  One 
  fly, 
  a 
  female, 
  lived 
  for 
  twenty-three 
  days, 
  taking 
  

   food 
  on 
  six 
  occasions, 
  while 
  only 
  six 
  survived 
  ten 
  days 
  captivity. 
  It 
  was 
  very 
  rarely 
  

   that 
  a 
  fly 
  distended 
  itself 
  fully 
  with 
  the 
  blood. 
  They 
  usually 
  ceased 
  to 
  feed 
  when 
  a 
  

   slight 
  pinkness 
  showed 
  on 
  the 
  ventral 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  abdomen. 
  No 
  larvae 
  were 
  

   deposited.* 
  

  

  * 
  Cf. 
  Kleine, 
  Deutschen 
  Medizinischen 
  Wochenschrift, 
  No. 
  45. 
  1909. 
  

  

  