﻿54 
  LL. 
  LLOYD 
  — 
  FURTHER 
  NOTES 
  ON 
  THE 
  BIONOMICS 
  OF 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  attempt 
  to 
  obtain 
  a 
  second 
  generation 
  on 
  the 
  various 
  bloods, 
  twenty 
  couples 
  

   which 
  had 
  been 
  bred 
  on 
  birds 
  and 
  the 
  same 
  number 
  from 
  the 
  goat 
  series 
  were 
  fed 
  on 
  

   the 
  blood 
  of 
  fowls 
  and 
  goats 
  respectively. 
  Each 
  experiment 
  was 
  continued 
  for 
  five 
  

   months, 
  flies 
  being 
  added 
  as 
  they 
  emerged. 
  None 
  of 
  those 
  which 
  were 
  feeding 
  on 
  the 
  

   goats 
  became 
  pregnant, 
  while 
  in 
  the 
  fowl 
  series 
  one 
  aborted 
  larva 
  and 
  one 
  healthy 
  

   pupa 
  were 
  produced. 
  The 
  pupa 
  from 
  which 
  the 
  parent 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  emerged 
  measured 
  

   in 
  length 
  5*6 
  mm. 
  and 
  in 
  breadth 
  3*0 
  mm. 
  The 
  offspring 
  measured 
  6*0 
  mm. 
  in 
  length 
  

   and 
  3*2 
  mm. 
  in 
  breadth. 
  What 
  little 
  evidence 
  there 
  is 
  therefore 
  shows 
  that 
  there 
  

   would 
  not 
  necessarily 
  be 
  progressive 
  degeneration 
  in 
  size 
  on 
  a 
  continued 
  diet 
  of 
  avian 
  

   blood. 
  

   Relation 
  of 
  the 
  fly 
  to 
  the 
  smaSSer 
  antmaSs. 
  

  

  These 
  experiments 
  point 
  to 
  the 
  conclusion 
  that 
  the 
  advantages 
  of 
  a 
  mammalian 
  

   diet 
  as 
  opposed 
  to 
  an 
  avian 
  one 
  are 
  not 
  great 
  and 
  are 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  mammalian 
  

   blood 
  is 
  more 
  easily 
  digested 
  than 
  avian. 
  Under 
  natural 
  conditions 
  however 
  it 
  is 
  

   not 
  likely 
  that 
  the 
  overfeeding 
  which 
  takes 
  place 
  in 
  the 
  laboratory 
  would 
  occur. 
  While 
  

   the 
  fly 
  is 
  apparently 
  unable 
  to 
  carry 
  on 
  its 
  species 
  on 
  a 
  reptilian 
  diet, 
  occasional 
  

   meals 
  of 
  such 
  blood 
  would 
  assist 
  the 
  individual 
  in 
  prolonging 
  life. 
  * 
  The 
  dependence 
  

   of 
  the 
  tsetse-fly 
  on 
  the 
  larger 
  mammals 
  therefore 
  depends 
  on 
  the 
  ability 
  of 
  the 
  smaller 
  

   mammals, 
  birds 
  and 
  reptiles 
  to 
  avoid 
  the 
  insect. 
  The 
  behaviour 
  of 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  smaller 
  

   animals 
  when 
  placed 
  in 
  a 
  cage 
  with 
  tsetse 
  was 
  studied 
  in 
  the 
  laboratory. 
  The 
  flies 
  

   used 
  were 
  freshly 
  caught 
  and 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  experiments 
  were 
  carried 
  out 
  in 
  a 
  glass 
  

   cylinder 
  ten 
  inches 
  high 
  and 
  six 
  inches 
  in 
  diameter. 
  The 
  results 
  of 
  these 
  were 
  as 
  

   follows 
  : 
  — 
  

  

  A. 
  With 
  mammals. 
  

  

  (1) 
  Ten 
  flies, 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  at 
  a 
  time, 
  were 
  introduced 
  into 
  the 
  jar 
  containing 
  an 
  

  

  adult 
  wild 
  rat 
  ; 
  all 
  were 
  quickly 
  caught 
  and 
  eaten, 
  none 
  of 
  the 
  flies 
  having 
  

   any 
  chance 
  of 
  feeding. 
  The 
  experiment 
  was 
  repeated 
  twice 
  with 
  the 
  same 
  

   result. 
  

  

  (2) 
  Four 
  flies 
  were 
  placed 
  in 
  the 
  jar 
  with 
  a 
  young 
  wild 
  rat, 
  just 
  weaned 
  ; 
  the 
  

  

  flies 
  were 
  caught 
  and 
  killed 
  but 
  not 
  eaten. 
  Ten 
  flies 
  were 
  used 
  and 
  none 
  

   fed. 
  

  

  (3) 
  A 
  burrowing 
  rodent 
  (a 
  species 
  of 
  Muridae) 
  was 
  placed 
  in 
  the 
  jar 
  with 
  four 
  

  

  flies 
  ; 
  although 
  of 
  sluggish 
  habits 
  it 
  at 
  once 
  became 
  very 
  alert. 
  Two 
  of 
  

   the 
  flies 
  were 
  caught 
  and 
  killed 
  at 
  once 
  but 
  not 
  eaten 
  ; 
  one 
  escaped 
  and 
  

   the 
  other 
  was 
  killed 
  later. 
  The 
  experiment 
  was 
  repeated 
  with 
  20 
  flies 
  

   but 
  none 
  fed. 
  

  

  (4) 
  A 
  very 
  young 
  specimen 
  of 
  another 
  species 
  of 
  Muridae 
  was 
  placed 
  in 
  the 
  jar 
  

  

  with 
  four 
  flies. 
  The 
  animal, 
  which 
  was 
  reconciled 
  to 
  captivity, 
  became 
  

   very 
  agitated, 
  attempting 
  to 
  burrow 
  and 
  squeaking 
  loudly 
  ; 
  when 
  the 
  

   flies 
  went 
  near 
  the 
  head 
  they 
  were 
  caught 
  and 
  mauled 
  ; 
  the 
  following 
  

   day 
  one 
  was 
  still 
  alive 
  but 
  had 
  not 
  fed. 
  

  

  (5) 
  A 
  young 
  wild 
  mouse 
  was 
  placed 
  in 
  the 
  jar 
  with 
  five 
  flies. 
  All 
  were 
  caught 
  

  

  and 
  eaten 
  in 
  a 
  few 
  minutes. 
  

  

  * 
  [Mr. 
  F. 
  W. 
  Fiske 
  has 
  already 
  pointed 
  out 
  (Bull. 
  Ent. 
  Kes. 
  iv, 
  p. 
  103) 
  that 
  the 
  results 
  

   of 
  laboratory 
  experiments 
  upon 
  the 
  food 
  value 
  of 
  reptilian 
  blood 
  should 
  be 
  acoepted 
  with 
  

   some 
  reserve, 
  as 
  they 
  are 
  not 
  borne 
  out 
  by 
  field 
  observations. 
  Dr. 
  H. 
  L. 
  Duke 
  and 
  

   Dr. 
  G. 
  D. 
  H. 
  Carpenter 
  have 
  noted 
  that 
  G. 
  palpalis 
  feeds 
  freely 
  on 
  monitor 
  lizards, 
  

   under 
  natural 
  conditions 
  on 
  the 
  islands 
  in 
  Lake 
  Victoria, 
  and 
  as 
  a 
  result 
  of 
  his 
  own. 
  

   recent 
  observations 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  locality 
  Mr. 
  Fiske 
  concludes 
  that 
  these 
  lizards 
  con- 
  

   stitute 
  the 
  most 
  favoured 
  food 
  of 
  that 
  fly. 
  — 
  Ed.] 
  

  

  