﻿GLOSSINA 
  MORSITANS 
  IN 
  NORTHERN 
  RHODESIA. 
  57 
  

  

  (d) 
  Pupae 
  were 
  found 
  in 
  six 
  instances 
  in 
  the 
  chambers 
  of 
  termite 
  nests 
  in 
  rotten 
  

  

  upright 
  stumps 
  ; 
  19 
  pupae 
  and 
  61 
  cases 
  were 
  found 
  in 
  these 
  positions. 
  

   In 
  several 
  cases 
  the 
  termites 
  were 
  still 
  living 
  in 
  the 
  nests. 
  

  

  (e) 
  In 
  ten 
  instances 
  they 
  were 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  burrows 
  of 
  various 
  animals, 
  14 
  pupae 
  

  

  and 
  99 
  cases 
  being 
  taken. 
  These 
  are 
  usually 
  the 
  holes 
  of 
  bushpig 
  or 
  wart- 
  

   hog, 
  but 
  pupae 
  have 
  also 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  smaller 
  burrows. 
  

  

  (f) 
  Pupae 
  were 
  taken 
  three 
  times 
  in 
  the 
  hollows 
  in 
  old 
  termite 
  mounds 
  excavated 
  

  

  by 
  the 
  large 
  mammals 
  for 
  the 
  sake 
  of 
  the 
  salt 
  ; 
  five 
  pupae 
  and 
  one 
  case 
  

   were 
  found 
  in 
  these. 
  

  

  The 
  larvae 
  are 
  thus 
  not 
  always 
  dropped 
  in 
  places 
  where 
  they 
  can 
  hide 
  in 
  the 
  earth 
  

   or 
  under 
  debris, 
  nor 
  are 
  they 
  always 
  placed 
  in 
  positions 
  where 
  scratching 
  animals 
  

   could 
  not 
  find 
  them. 
  It 
  is 
  a 
  common 
  feature 
  to 
  find 
  the 
  pupae 
  in 
  places 
  where 
  they 
  

   are 
  daily 
  warmed 
  by 
  the 
  sun 
  for 
  some 
  hours. 
  This 
  shortens 
  the 
  pupation 
  period, 
  

   which 
  is 
  dependent 
  on 
  temperature. 
  The 
  one 
  feature 
  which 
  is 
  common 
  to 
  all 
  the 
  

   breeding 
  places 
  found 
  is 
  that 
  above 
  them 
  there 
  is 
  always 
  some 
  relatively 
  dark 
  spot 
  

   in 
  which 
  the 
  female 
  fly 
  may 
  rest 
  concealed 
  during 
  pregnancy. 
  It 
  is 
  believed 
  that 
  

   this, 
  rather 
  than 
  any 
  care 
  for 
  the 
  offspring, 
  is 
  what 
  guides 
  the 
  mother 
  fly 
  in 
  the 
  

   selection 
  of 
  breeding 
  spots. 
  

  

  Special 
  attention 
  has 
  been 
  given 
  to 
  an 
  area 
  of 
  about 
  two 
  square 
  miles 
  (see 
  Map) 
  

   close 
  to 
  the 
  camp, 
  which 
  has 
  been 
  repeatedly 
  and 
  systematically 
  searched 
  for 
  pupae. 
  

   This 
  area 
  is 
  bounded 
  to 
  the 
  south 
  and 
  east 
  by 
  the 
  Kalamba, 
  a 
  small 
  stream 
  which 
  

   rises 
  in 
  a 
  short-grassed 
  swampy 
  plain. 
  As 
  the 
  plain 
  narrows 
  and 
  its 
  sides 
  become 
  

   steeper 
  the 
  grass 
  becomes 
  long, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  at 
  this 
  point 
  that 
  the 
  area 
  under 
  consideration 
  

   commences. 
  The 
  banks 
  of 
  the 
  stream 
  then 
  become 
  steep 
  and 
  for 
  a 
  mile 
  and 
  a 
  half 
  

   it 
  flows 
  through 
  a 
  dense 
  narrow 
  swampy 
  wood, 
  such 
  as 
  is 
  known 
  in 
  this 
  district 
  as 
  

   " 
  musitu 
  " 
  ; 
  its 
  nature 
  will 
  be 
  gathered 
  from 
  the 
  photographs 
  (PI. 
  x, 
  fig. 
  1). 
  Beyond 
  this 
  

   the 
  stream 
  becomes 
  an 
  open 
  swamp 
  till 
  it 
  joins 
  the 
  Kanchibia 
  River 
  a 
  mile 
  further 
  on. 
  

   The 
  remainder 
  of 
  the 
  area 
  is 
  a 
  mixed 
  open 
  wood 
  with 
  little 
  undergrowth 
  and 
  scanty 
  

   grass, 
  with 
  a 
  few 
  open 
  spaces 
  due 
  to 
  outcrops 
  of 
  ironstone. 
  Two 
  native 
  paths 
  traverse 
  

   the 
  area 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  well 
  defined 
  game 
  path 
  running 
  near 
  the 
  stream. 
  There 
  are 
  

   also 
  short 
  fragmentary 
  game 
  paths 
  leading 
  to 
  the 
  fords 
  and 
  drinking 
  places, 
  six 
  of 
  

   which 
  exist 
  and 
  are 
  the 
  only 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  musitu 
  where 
  water 
  is 
  accessible. 
  In 
  one 
  

   part 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  old 
  termite 
  mounds, 
  evidently 
  rich 
  in 
  salt, 
  are 
  a 
  great 
  attraction 
  

   to 
  the 
  game 
  animals. 
  Large 
  animals 
  are 
  numerous 
  in 
  the 
  area, 
  rhinoceros, 
  bushpig, 
  

   warthog, 
  zebra, 
  eland, 
  hartebeeste, 
  waterbuck, 
  roan 
  and 
  duiker 
  being 
  resident 
  or 
  

   entering 
  it 
  fairly 
  regularly. 
  

  

  In 
  this 
  area 
  174 
  breeding 
  places 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  and 
  mapped 
  out 
  in 
  relation 
  to 
  the 
  

   paths 
  and 
  stream. 
  Of 
  these, 
  123 
  yielded 
  less 
  than 
  ten 
  pupae 
  each, 
  404 
  in 
  all, 
  an 
  

   average 
  of 
  3*25 
  per 
  position 
  ; 
  these 
  positions 
  will 
  be 
  seen 
  from 
  the 
  map 
  to 
  be 
  scattered 
  

   generally 
  through 
  the 
  bush 
  with 
  no 
  special 
  relation 
  to 
  the 
  paths. 
  From 
  ten 
  to 
  50 
  pupae 
  

   each 
  were 
  obtained 
  from 
  38 
  breeding 
  places, 
  831 
  pupae 
  in 
  all, 
  an 
  average 
  of 
  22 
  per 
  

   position 
  ; 
  these 
  positions 
  are 
  all 
  within 
  150 
  yards 
  of 
  a 
  native 
  or 
  game 
  path 
  with 
  the 
  

   exception 
  of 
  four 
  which 
  yielded 
  10, 
  13, 
  20 
  and 
  32 
  pupae 
  respectively 
  and 
  which 
  are 
  

   in 
  close 
  relation 
  to 
  the 
  salt-licks. 
  Over 
  50 
  and 
  under 
  150 
  pupae 
  were 
  found 
  in 
  13 
  

   positions 
  which 
  yielded 
  892 
  pupae, 
  an 
  average 
  of 
  68*5 
  per 
  position 
  ; 
  these 
  positions 
  

  

  